belief in one god; Judaism is the first
monotheism
belief in many gods; Hinduism
polytheism
past deeds will determine the future; Hinduism
karma
holy book of Judaism
Torah
holy book of Islam
Quran/Koran
holy book of Christianity
The Bible (Old--from Judaism--and New Testament)
holy book of Hinduism
Vedas
God's son Jesus is call the _________.
messiah
Given to Moses on the mountain; rules to follow
10 Commandments
holy war predicted by Muslims
jihad
Christians belief of the father, son, and holy spirit
trinity
Muslim belief: fasting, prayer, pilgrimage, alms to poor, and faith in Allah
Five Pillars
Holy month for Muslims; no eating from sun up to sun down
Ramadan
Hindu belief in many lives; can also apply to Buddhism
reincarnation
class system for Hinduism; from untouchable to Brahmins
caste system
Buddhist beliefs: suffering exists; material desires cause suffering; get rid of desires and no more suffering; reach nirvana
Four Noble Truths
Buddhist belief--8 steps towards ending suffering
Eightfold Path
Buddha; when you understand the meaning of life you have become ___________.
Enlightened
ultimate goal for Buddhists is to reach __________.
Nirvana
Religious war among German princes; Protestants vs. Catholics; ended with the Peace of Augsburg
Thirty Years War
only Christian church during the Middle Ages in western Europe
Catholic Church
speaking out against the Catholic Church; Galileo was accused of this and brought before the Inquisition
heresy
Italian word for rebirth of Greek and Roman culture
Renaissance
belief led by Erasmus; forcus on individual and study of the classical Greek and Roman culture
humanism
invention which allowed the spread of the Renaissance and Reformation; developed by Gutenberg
printing press
Catholics could buy these pardon from sins; Martin Luther hated these
indulgences
merchants did not like the Catholic belief that you should not charge interest when lending money, also known as __________.
usury
Luther nailed these on a church door; protests against the Catholic Church
95 Theses
Calvin's belief that God has already chosen who would be let into heaven
predestination
Church of England created by Henry VIII
Anglican
Catholic church group that punished those who spoke out against the Church; condemned Galileo
the Inquisition
Catholic attempt to stop people from leaving the church
Counter-Reformation
group set up during the Catholic Counter-Reformation; tried to convert people to Catholism
Jesuits
three reasons for exploration
God, Glory, and Gold
to travel around the globe; first done by Magellan, then Drake
circumnavigate
major trade product from Asia
spices
Spanish conqueror like Cortez and Pizarro
conquistador
European settlement; American was this to England
colony
global trade between eastern and western hemispheres
Columbian Exchange
slaves worked on these in the new world
plantations
term for gold and silver during the Age of Exploration
bullion
3 legs of trade between Africa, New World, and Europe
Triangular trade
leg of triangular trade when slaves were brought from Africa to the New World
Middle Passage
major crop of the Caribbean
sugar cane
many Native Americans died because Europeans brought this to the New World
Diseases
Spanish laws which forced Native Americans into a kind of slavery
encomiendas
belief that the power of rule came by God; Louis, Peter, Frederick, and the Stuarts believed in this
divine right
type of monarch who has complete power
absolute
French Protestants
Huguenots
Peter the Great modernized his country when he made his people adapt to the customs and culture of of countries in the west of Europe
westernization
French law which allowed for freedom of religion; meant mainly for the Huguenots; later taken away, or repeled, by Louis XIV
Edict of Nantes
Frederick is known for building of the Prussian army; this is called __________.
militarism
L'etat cest moi
I am the state
Earth is the center of the universe
geocentric theory
sun is the center of the universe; Copernicus
heliocentric theory
steps used for experiments; developed by Francis Bacon
scientific method
natural rights of John Locke
life, liberty, and property
French term for philosopher
philosophe
Age when reason replaced religion; marked an end to superstition
Enlightenment
strong pride in your country or culture; spread by Napoleon; major reason for unification of Italy and Germany
nationalism
signed by William and Mary; increased the power of the people and Parliament; lowered the power of the monarchs; signed during Glorious Revolution
Bill of Rights
Monarchs power declined in England; while this governmental body increased in power; very similar to Congress in the US
Parliament
English Civil War; group led by Cromwell; cut their hair short in protests to the nobility's custom of wearing long hair
Roundheads
English Civil War; supporters of King Charles I
Cavaliers
This event kicked James II off the throne of England and placed his daughter as ruler along with her husband; no bloodshed
Glorious Revolution
Document written by Jefferson; marked the beginning of the American colonies split from their mother country, England; Jefferson used Locke's ideas in this document
Declaration of Independence
first violent event of the French Revolution occured at this prison; celebrated like our July 4th
Storming of the Bastille
when thousands of men were guillotined; led by Robespierre and the Jacobins; Louis XVI loses his head
Reign of Terror
laws of Napoleon
Napoleonic Code
Class that made up most of French society before the revolution
Third Estate
when the lower class of French society refused to leave until their demands were met; named after the sports complex where they met
Tennis Court Oath
meeting of European countries after Napoleon's fall; conservative; wanted to return Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution; successful diplomatic effort that kept peace in Europe for the next 40 years
Congress of Vienna
people who think change is good; wanted more freedoms and rights
liberals
people who are old fashioned or traditional; wanted a return to absolute monarchies; Congress of Vienna
conservatives
uprising all throught Europe in reaction to the Congress of Vienna and against conservatism--unsuccessful
Revolutions of 1848
belief of Bismarck to do whatever it takes to get the job done
realpolitik
Machiavelli is a _________, meaning he saw the world for what it really was
realist
War where the Prussians defeated the French; help in unifying Germany
Franco-Prussian War
Garibaldi's army that united the south of Italy
Red Shirts
Japenese leader or ruler
Shogun
economic system; export more than import; colonies exist to provide raw materials for a mother country which would then be turned into a finished product
mercantilism
Japan practiced a policy of _______________________ , meaning it tried to have no contact with Europeans
isolationism
China set up _________ ____________ or cities set aside for trade with Europeans
foreign enclaves
person who is talented in many fields; like Da Vinci
Renaissance man
goods traded outside the producing country
exports
materials found in nature (ex: cotton)
raw
movement where land was fenced off from public use; resulted in farmers moving to the city for work
Enclosure Movement
Time when cities grew; machine power replaced man power; improved technology
Industrial Revolution
person who owns their own business
entrepreneur
these were formed in order to give people better working conditions
Labor Unions
the right to vote
suffrage
governmental system where the belief is that if you work hard you will be rewarded; developed by Adam Smith; US
capitalism
belief by Adam Smith that government should leave businesses alone
laissez-faire
developed by Karl Marx; belief that everybody should be equal; government controls all factors of production
commuism/socialism
term by Karl Marx that meant workers; he wanted them to rise up and rebel
proletariat
European period when countries tried to conquer and control places all over the world; creation of empires
imperialism
rebellion where Indian soldiers rebeled against the British rule of their country
Sepoy Rebellion
business which controlled India
East India Company
settlement ruled directly by a European country
mother country
when European coutries took control of trading rights in other countries; China is a prime example
sphere of influence
when a country is strongly influenced by a foreign, European country
protectorate
Chinese rebellion against Christianity and foreigners
Boxer Rebellion
non-violent protest; practiced by Mandela and Gandhi
passive resistance/civil disobedience
countries form these for protection in case they are attacked
alliances
World War I; consisted of Britain, France, and Russia
Triple Entente
World War I; alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Triple Alliance
Name the ship which contributed to the US entering World War I
Lusitania
Message which caused the US to enter into World War I against Germany
Zimmerman Note
Wilson's plan for peace
14 Points
Wilson's international peacekeeping body; US refused to become a member; ended in failure
League of Nations
Period of tremendous economic failure; allowed Hitler to gain power in Germany; affected the entire world
Great Depression
Event which started the Great Depression
Stock Market Crash of 1929
belief in militarism and extreme nationalism
fascism
when the government has complete control over the people; popular in Europe during the 1930s
totalitarianism
Party of Hitler
Nazism
Party of Mussolini
Fascism
Lenin's plan to industrialize the Soviet Union
New Economic Policy
Stalin's plan to modernize the Soviet Union
collectivization
to try and avoid conflict; Britain and France did this to Hitler when he invaded Czechoslovakia and Austria
appeasement
Hitler's lightening war
blitzkrieg
international peacekeeping organization created after World War II
United Nations
nickname for the strongest countries in the world during the Cold War; US and USSR
superpowers
weapon developed during World War II and dropped on Japan
Atomic Bomb
type of warfare used during World War I
trench
World War II alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan
Axis
World War II alliance of Britain, France, US, and Soviet Union
Allied Powers
hatred of Jews
anti-semetism
systemic killing of a whole group of people because of religious or ethnic differences
genocides
largest genocide in Cambodia is known as this
the Killing Fields
largest genocide in history; occurred during World War II against the Jews
Holocaust
conflict between the US and USSR after World War II; no fighting
cold war
belief that if one country fell to communism, all surrounding countries would soon become communist as well
domino theory
statement which said the US would stop the spread of communism
Truman Doctrine
Churchill's metaphor for the barrier of communist Europe and democratic Europe
Iron Curtain
Cold War action to stop communism; divided the country into two along the 38th parallel
Korean War
plan to rebuild Europe after World War II
Marshall Plan
defensive alliance consisting of the US and western Europe during the Cold War
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org.)
defensive alliance consisting of USSR and eastern satellites during the Cold War
Warsaw Pact
Soviets built this in order to keep Germans from fleeing into democratic West Germany
Berlin Wall
when the USSR placed missiles 90 miles off the coast of Florida; Kennedy was President during this event which almost started World War III
Cuban Missile Crisis
policy that believed the more nuclear weapons one country builds, the less chance of war because other countries would be afraid
deterrence or mutual destruction
competition between the US and USSR to build the most nuclear weapons
arms race
Chinese group which believed in democracy; led by Chiang Kai Shek
Nationalists
conflict during the Cold War; the US eventually pulled out and the entire country became communist
Vietnam War
segregation in South Africa
apartheid
free trade agreement between Mexico, Canada and the US
NAFTA (North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement)
Oil production group
OPEC
organization for free world trade
WTO (World Trade Org.)
economic organization in Europe to try to compete with the US
EU (European Union)
organization which gives loans to poor countries
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
Chinese trade route
Silk Road
Capital was Istanbul
Ottoman Empire
Traded gold, salt in Africa
Songhai
Built "Taj Mahjal
Mughal Empire
Indian empire of Mexico
Aztec
Indian empire of Peru
Inca
Pyramids, Astronomy
Maya
Means "Rebirth
Renaissance
Renaissance began here
Italy
Sistine Chapel, "David
Michelangelo
Plays,sonnets
Shakespeare
Christian humanist
Erasmus
World's largest religion
Christianity
Main religion of India
Hinduism
Main religion of SE Asia
Buddhism
Main religion of North Africa
Islam
North African trade route
Sahara
Importance of trade routes
exchange of ideas
Paper, compass, silk, porcelain
China
Textiles, number system from
Middle East
upset Martin Luther
sale of indulgences
Luther belief
faith alone
Luther protest
Ninety-Five Theses
John Calvin belief
predestination
Henry VIII issue
divorce
Site of Reformation
Germany
War between Catholics and Protestants
Thirty Years' War
National Church of England
Anglican
spread Catholic doctrine
Jesuits
Trials to reinforce Catholic beliefs
Inquisition
Gutenberg invention
printing press
helped spread ideas of the Renaissance
printing press
started school of navigation
Prince Henry the Navigator
Sailed around Africa to India
Vasco da Gama
discovered America
Columbus
conquered Aztecs
Hernan Cortez
conquered Inca
Pizarro
explored Canada for France
Jacques Cartier
2 religious groups that came to America
Protestants, Catholics
another name for Native Americans
indigenous peoples
corn, potatoes, tobacco originated here
the Americas
horses, cattle, diseases came from here
Europe
improved navigation
Islamic sailors
3 areas the Triangular Trade system linked
Europe, Africa, the Americas
main items traded as part of Triangular Trade
slaves,sugar,rum
exported to Europe from America
gold, silver
European nation that influenced Mexico and South America
Spain
Traded coffee and ceramics
Ottoman Empire
location of Mughal Empire
Northern India
Famous Mughal tomb
Taj Mahal
Product of India that Europeans wanted
textiles
Nation that created foreign enclaves to control foreign trade
China
powerless emperor, rule by shoguns
Japan
adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences
Japan
new economic practices like banking and money systems
Commercial Revolution
early English political parties
Whigs and Tories
Type of English government after 1689
Constitutional Monarchy
Leviathan"; ruler must have authority
Thomas Hobbes
the best government should be separated into 3 branches
Montesquieu
U.S. documents that contain Enlightenment ideas
Declaration, Constitution, Bill of Rights
Revolution which most influenced the French Revolution
American Revolution
Paris prison stormed on July 14, 1789
Bastille
Thousands guillotined during this period of the French Revolution
Reign of Terror
Came to power in France at the end of the Revolution
Napoleon
Goal of Congress of Vienna
balance of power
members of the Congress of Vienna were this
Conservatives
Failed liberal revolutions in Europe in this year
1848
German composer
Johann Sebastian Bach
Austrian composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Last to join in Italian unification
Papal States
war which led to the creation of Germany
Franco-Prusssian War
unified Germany by war and nationalism
Bismarck
natural resources needed for industry
coal, iron ore
British farmland fenced off
Enclosure Movement
Movement of people to the cities
Urbanization
group that grew the most during the industrial revolution
middle class
hired to work in 19th c. factories
women, children
increased the demand for slave labor on American plantations
cotton gin
formed to improve working conditions
labor unions
type of imperialism with trade rights
sphere of influence
forced Germany to accept guilt for WWI
Treaty of Versailles
group that led Russian Revolution
Bolsheviks
created after WWI to administer colonies on a temporary basis
mandate system
European nations who were mandate powers in the Middle East
France, Great Britain
One cause of the Great Depression was German payments or________
reparations
High protective_________ helped cause the Great Depression
tariffs
Millions in the Soviet Union died as a result of this Stalin policy
Great Purge
hatred of Jews
Anti-Semitism
Mussolini invaded this nation in 1935
Ethiopia
Area of China invaded by Japanese
Manchuria
Event which brought USA into WWII
Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor
Part of Germany that became Communist after WWII
East
Nation that became the dominant economy in Asia after WWII
Japan
Name given to Soviet -controlled nations
satellites
Part of Korea that started Korean War
North Korea
Built in 1961; 7 miles long
Berlin Wall
separation of races in South Africa
apartheid