A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain) and Frace held in 1814-1815 to fashion a general peace settlement that attempted to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleanic France
Congress of Vienna
A political philosophy that stressed retaining traditional values and instructions, including hereditary monarchy and a strong landowning aristocracy
Conservatism
The first --- --- --- gave France the boundaries it possessed in 1792, which were larger than those of 1789, and France did not have to pay war reparations. When the --- --- met at the Congress of of Vienna, they agreed to raise a number of barriers again
Peace of Paris
Quadruple alliance
Belgium and Holland
Prussia
Defensive
The allies were motivated by self --- and traditional ideas about the balance of ---. To who did a balance of power mean an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states or the dom
Interest
Power
Klemens von Metternich
Congress system
Under Metternich's leadership, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the --- ---, dedicated to crushing the ideas and politics of the revolutionary era within their borders and across Europe. The --- decrees required the member states to root out radical id
Holy Alliance
Karlsbad
Who believed that human nature was prone to error, excess, and self-serving behavior and that strong govs were needed to protect society from its worst instincts? He believed that ---, as embodied in revolutionary America and France had been responsible f
Metternich
Liberalism
War
Liberal revolutionaries
What other idea did Metternich oppose, the idea that each national group had a right to establish its own independent gov?
Nationalism
The ---' Austrian Empire was a dynastic state dominated by --- but containing many other national groups, including Maygars (Hungarians), Czechs, Italians, Poles, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, and Romanians. It was strong because of its large --- a
Habsburgs'
Germans
Populations
Territories
Nationalities
Russia and the Ottoman Empire
A philosophy whose principal ideas were equality and Liberty; liberals demanded representative gov and equality before the law as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary
Liberalism
Liberalism was first realized in the --- revolution and then achieved in part in the --- revolution. --- with Louis XVIII's constitutional charter and --- --- with its parliament and historic liberties of --- men and women had realized much of the liberal
American
French
France
Great Britain
English
A doctrine of economic liberalism advocating unrestricted private enterprise and no gov interference in the economy; this was criticized by opponents to liberalism
Laissez faire
Who posited the idea of a free economy in 1776 in opposition to mercantilism and its attempt to regulate trade?
Scottish philosopher Adam smith
Who argued that freely competitive private enterprise would give all citizens a fair and equal opportunity to do what they did best and would result in greater income for everyone? In Britain, who embraced this?
Adam smith
Business groups
Early 19th century liberals favored --- gov, but they generally wanted --- qualifications attached to the right to --- and to serve in ---. Liberalism became increasingly identified with the --- --- after 1815.
Representative
Property
Vote
Parliament
Middle class
Some intellectuals and foes of conservatism called for replacing monarchical rule with ---, for democracy through universal male ---, and for greater economic and social ---. These democrats and republicans were more radical than the ---, and more willing
Republics
Suffrage
Equality
Liberals
Violence
The idea (emerged after 1815) that each people had its own genius and its own central unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and that could serve as the basis for an independent political state
Nationalism
Who called on all Germans "to have that organic unity in which no member regards the fate of another as the fate of a stranger"?
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Cultural unity was more a dream than a reality as local --- abounded, --- memory divided the inhabitants of the different states as much as it unified them, and a variety of ethnic groups shared the --- of most states
Dialects
Historical
Territory
European nationalists sought to make the --- of each people coincide with well defined boundaries in an independent ---. This goal made nationalism so explosive in central and Eastern Europe after 1815, where there were too --- states (Austria, Russia, an
Territory
Nation-state
Few
Many
The nationalist vision triumphed partly bc the development of complex --- and --- society required better --- between individuals and groups. The need for --- promoted the development of a standardized national --- that was spread through mass---, creatin
Industrial and urban
Communication
Communication
Language
Education
Cultural
Writings and speeches
Sovereign
Those who believed in nationalism helped create "imagined communities" which bound inhabitants through the abstract concept of an all embracing national ---. Nationalists and leaders brought citizens together through emotionally charged --- and ---.
Identity
Symbols and ceremonies
Between 1815 and 1850 most people who believed in nationalism also believed in either --- or radical democratic ---. A common faith in the --- and --- of the people was perhaps the most important reason for linking theses two concepts. Liberals and especi
Liberalism
Republicanism
Creativity and nobility
Government
Traditions
Interests
Nationalists also stressed --- among peoples. Below the surface lurked ideas of national --- and national --- that eventually led to aggression and conflict against supposedly inferior people in --- and ---, and to the great --- wars of the 20th century.
Differences
Superiority
Mission
Africa and Asia
World
A radical political doctrine that opposed individualism and the fragmentation of society and that advocated international cooperation and a sense of community; Key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
Socialism
Early French socialists shared a sense of disappointment that political revolution in France had ended with the restoration of the --- monarchy. They were also alarmed by the rise of --- --- and the emergence of modern ---, which they saw as fostering ine
Bourbon
Laissez faire
Industry
Society
Community
Early French socialists felt an intense desire to help the ---, whose conditions had not been improved by --- advances, and they preached greater --- equality between the rich and the poor.
Poor
Industrial
Economic
Who argued that the government should rationally organize the economy to control prices and prevent unemployment? They also believed that gov should regulate private --- or that private --- should be abolished and replaced by state or community ownership.
French socialists
Property
Property
One of the most influential early socialist thinkers
Optimistically proclaimed the opportunities of industrial development
"The age of gold is before us!
Henri de Saint-Simon
Who thought the Key to progress was proper social organization that required the "parasites"-- the royal court, the aristocracy, lawyers, churchmen-- to give way, once and for all, to the "doers"-- the leading scientists, engineers and industrialists?
Henri de Saint-Simon
Who envisaged is socialist utopia of self-sufficient communities? He called for the abolition of ---, free unions based only on ---, and --- freedom.
Charles Fourier
Marriage
Love
Sexual
In his famous pamphlet What is Property?, who argued that "property is theft!"? He claimed property was profit that was actually stolen from the ---, who actually produced all the wealth.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Worker
Who would weave the diffuse strands of social thought in to a distinctly modern ideology? In 1848 he and Friedrich Engels published The --- Manifesto, which became the guiding text of socialism.
German intellectual Karl Marx
Communist
From whom did Marx learn to apply social-scientific analysis to economic problems, though he pushed their ideas in radical directions? Deeply influenced by the --- socialists, Marx dismissed their appeals to the class and the state to help the poor as na�
British political economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo
French
Opposed
The well-educated, prosperous, middle class groups
Bourgeoisie
The Marxist term for the modern working class
Proletariat
Marx predicted that the --- would conquer the --- in a new revolution.
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
Marx drew on the arguments of smith and Ricardo who taught that labor was the source of all ---. He went on to argue that --- were really wages stolen from the workers. He incorporated Friedrich Engels's account of the terrible oppression of the new class
Value
Profits
Factory
In --- ---, the earliest adopter of industrial methods, living standards did not rise until the 1840s, and this trend took longer to spread to the ---, were only a few industries in a few regions had adopted steam power up to 1850. In the early 19th centu
Great Britain
Continent
Population
Agriculture
Industry
--- resented The demands of their noble landlords and state tax collectors. Many lost access to collective land due to --- and the adoption of more efficient --- techniques. The growing number of --- workers resisted exploitation by merchant capitalists,
Peasants
Enclosure
Farming
Cottage
Journeymen
Serfdom
What transformed these conflicts was the political ideologies born from the struggles and unfulfilled hopes of the French revolution (---, ---, ---) as well as the newly invigorated --- that stood against them. These ideologies helped turn the economic an
Liberalism
Nationalism
Socialism
Conservatism
Revolutions
After 1815 the British gov put down protests over --- and the high cost of --- caused by the Napoleonic Wars with repressive legislation and military force.
Unemployment
Grain
What moved British politics in a more democratic direction by giving new industrial areas increased representation in the house of commons and by increasing the number of voters by about 50%?
The reform bill of 1832
What called for the growing number of unemployed and indigent families to be placed in harsh work houses rather than receiving aid from local parishes to remain in their own homes? Britains rulers sought to relieve --- --- taxpayers of the burden of poor
The new poor law
Middle class
Cities
Industrial
Breakup
Limited democratic --- was counterbalanced by harsh measures against the ---, both linked to the new social and economic circumstances of the --- ---. Many working people protested their exclusion from --- and the terms of the --- --- law. Between 1838 an
Reform
Poor
Industrial revolution
Voting
New poor
Charist
What demanded that all men should be able to vote and stand for office and that all members of Parliament (MPs) be paid (so that men without a private fortune could hold office)?
The Charist movement
In 1847 the ruling Conservative party, known as the ---, sought to appease the working people with the --- --- act, which limited the world at for women and young people on favorites to 10 hours. --- aristocrats continued to champion legislation regulatin
Tories
Ten Hours
Tory
Middle class
Revolution
Police
Living
Violence and turmoil
Long ruled as a conquered people, the population of --- was mostly composed of Catholic peasants who rented their land from a tiny minority of protestant landowners, many of whom resided in England. Ruthlessly exploited and growing rapidly and numbers the
Ireland
Rural
What fueled Ireland's population doubling from 4 to 8 million between 1780 and 1840? What resulted in starvation and death in Ireland? This promoted anti --- felling and Irish ---.
Potato
The Great Famine (potato failure)
British
Nationalism
What protected economic and social games made by the middle class and the peasantry in the French revolution, recognized intellectual and artistic freedom and created a parliament with upper and lower houses? It was essentially --- and anything but ---.
Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter of 1814
Liberal
Democratic
Who wanted to re-establish the old order in France? To rally French --- and gain popular ---, he exploited a long standing dispute with Muslim Algeria, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. What marked the rebirth of French colonial expansion?
Louis's conservative successor, Charles X
Nationalism
Support
The conquest of Algeria
Who accepted the constitutional charter of 1814 and assumed the title of the "king of the French people"? The situation in France remained fundamentally ---. Political and social --- and the --- of Paris were disappointed. During the 1840s the sense of di
Charles's cousin Louis Philippe
Unchanged
Reformers
Poor
Harvests
Industrialization
Deteriorating
Louis Philippe, whose reign is labeled as the "--- ---" because it served the interest of wealthy elites, had refused to approve --- legislation or consider --- reform. Frustrated desires for change, high level financial scandals, and crop failures in 184
Bourgeois monarchy
Social
Electoral
Diverse groups of king's opponents (merchants, intellectuals, shopkeepers, and workers)
Revolt
Barricades
The revolutionaries quickly drafted a democratic, republican constitution for France's --- ---, granting the right to vote to every adult ---. Revolutionary compassion and sympathy for --- were expressed in the freeing of all --- in the French colonies, t
Second Republic
Male
Freedom
Salves
Workshops
The --- promoted by radical republicans frightened not only the liberal middle and upper classes but also the peasants, many of whom owned ---. After elections to the new --- Assembly, the clash of ideologies (liberal capitalism and socialism) became a cl
Socialism
Land
Constituent
June days
Republican
Executive
Gov
Popular
President Louis Napoleon first shared power with a --- --- but in 1851 dismissed them. He was made hereditary --- and ruled France's Second --- as Napoleon III, initiating policies favoring --- growth and --- development to appease the populace. On the ev
National Assembly
Emperor
Empire
Economic
Rural
Prussia
State
Suffrage
National Assembly
News of the upheaval in France provoked the outbreak of ---. --- demanded written constitutions, representative gov, and greater civil liberties from authoritarian regimes. --- workers and --- allied with middle class liberals and peasants.
Revolution
Liberals
Urban
Workers
Compared to France, where political participation by working people reached its peak, the revolts in Central Europe tended to be dominated by --- ---. They were also more sharply divided between moderate --- and radical ---.
Social elites
Constitutionalists
Republicans
The revolution in the --- --- began in 1848 in Hungary, when nationalistic Hungarians demanded national autonomy, full civil liberties, and universal suffrage. When Viennese students and workers also took to the streets and peasant disorders broke out, wh
Austrian empire
Ferdinand I
When the monarchy abolished serfdom
Hungarian revolutionaries sought to create a unified Hungarian ---. The minority groups that formed half of the population (Croats, Serbs, and Romanians) objected that such unification would hinder their own political --- and cultural ---. Czech nationali
Nation
Autonomy
Independence
German
Monarchy
The determination of Austria's --- and the loyalty of its --- were the final ingredients in the triumph of reaction and the defeat of revolution. When Ferdinand I abdicated in favor of his young nephew, Franz Joseph, only --- had yet to be brought under c
Aristocracy
Army
Hungary
Nicholas I
Habsburgs
After Austria, what was the largest and most influential kingdom in the German Confederation? On March 21, 1848 Prussian king Frederick William IV promised to grant Prussia a --- constitution and to merge Prussia into a new national --- state. Elections w
Prussia
Liberal
German
Parliament
Workers
Socialists
Emperor
Austria
German confederation
Liberal
Conservative
Across Europe the uprisings of 1848 ---. They did bring about the end of --- in the regions they touched.
Failed
Serfdom
The changes that enable A country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time
Modernization
In 1848 who hailed efforts to form a democratic Italian republic? His revolutions were crushed by ---. Temporarily driven from Rome during the upheavals of 1848, who turned against most modern trends, including national unification? Who retained the moder
Idealistic nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini
Pope Pius IX
Victor Emmanuel, King of independent Sardinia
Sardinia
Sardinia was led by Count --- --- --- ---. Until 1859 he sought unity only for the states of --- and perhaps --- Italy in a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardinia. In the 1850s he worked to consolidate Sardinia as a --- constitutional state capable of leadi
Camilo Benso di Cavour
Northern
Central
Liberal
Napoleon III
Austria
Catholics
Lombardy
Cavour
Dedicated nationalists in --- Italy had risen and driven out their rulers. Nationalist fervor seized the --- masses, and the leaders of the nationalist movement called for fusion with ---. Cavour returned to power in 1860 and the people of --- Italy voted
Central
Urban
Sardinia
Central
North Italian
Secretly supported by Cavour, who conceived a plan to "liberate" the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies? Cavour sent Sardinian forces to occupy most of the --- --- (not Rome) and to intercept Garibaldi. When Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel rode though Naples to ch
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Papal States
North and south
Monarch and people
The new kingdom of Italy was a --- monarchy under Victor Emmanuel, neither radical nor ---. A great social and cultural gap separated the progressive industrializing --- from the stagnant agrarian ---.
Parliamentary
Democratic
North
South
Modern industry was growing rapidly with what German customs union, or ---, founded in 1834 to stimulate trade. By 1853 all the German states except --- had joined the customs union. Rising prosperity from the rapid growth of --- after 1850 gave new impet
Zollverein
Austria
Industrialization
Middle class
By 1859 who had assumed control of the parliament that emerged from the upheavals of 1848 in Prussia? What convinced William I that political change and even war with Austria or France were possible? The Prussian parliament rejected the --- budget in 1862
Liberals
National uprising of Italy in 1859
Military
Liberals
Otto Von Bismarck
When Bismarck took office as --- --- in 1862 he declared that gov would rule without parliamentary consent. He had the Prussian bureaucracy continue to collect taxes even though the parliament refused to approve the ---, and he reorganized the ---. In 186
Chief minister
Budget
Army
Austro-Prussian
Prussian
Austria
Austria
German Confederation
North German confederation
William I and Bismarck
To make peace with the liberal --- --- and the --- movement, Bismarck asked the Prussian parliament to approve all the gov's illegal spending between 1862 and 1866. Overawed by Bismarck's achievements, --- --- liberals now jumped at the chance to cooperat
Middle class
Nationalist
Middle class
National
Military
Liberal
Lower
By 1870, alarmed by their powerful new neighbor on the Rhine, --- leaders had decided on a war to teach Prussia a lesson. As soon as the war began in 1870, Bismarck had the support of the --- German states. In January 1871, a starving --- surrendered and
French
South
Paris
France
German Empire
German Empire
Lower
The Franco-Prussian war released an enormous surge of --- feeling in Germany. Semi-authoritarian --- and a "new ---," which was based on an alliance of the propertied classes and sought the active support of the working classes, had triumphed in Germany.
Patriotic
Nationalism
Conservatism
the Crimean war of 1853 to 1856 rose from the breakdown of the balance of power established at the congress of ---, European competition over influence in the --- ---, and Russian desires to expand into European territories held by the --- ---. France and
Vienna
Middle East
Ottoman Empire
Russia
Russia needed ---, better ---, and --- reorganization if it was to maintain its international position. The war caused --- and Raiders the specter of massive --- rebellion. Military disaster forced the new tsar, --- ---, and his ministers along the path o
Railroads
Armaments
Military
Hardship
Peasant
Alexander II
The first and greatest of the reforms was the freeing of --- in 1861. More successful was reform of the --- system, which established independent courts and equality before the law. The gov also relaxed --- and partially liberalized policies toward Russia
Serfs
Legal
Censorship
Jews
Rapid, gov subsidized railroad construction to 1880 enabled --- Russia to export --- and thus earn money for further industrialization. Industrial suburbs grew up around --- and --- and class of modern --- workers began to take shape.
Agricultural
Grain
Moscow and St. Petersburg
Factory
With the assassination of Alexander II the reform era came to an ---. Economic reform sped forward in the massive --- surge of the 1890s. The key leader was --- ---, the minister of finance. Under him, the gov doubled Russia's --- network and promoted ind
End
Industrial
Sergei Witte
Railroad
Tariffs
By 1900 Russia was catching up with --- Europe and expanding its empire in ---. By 1903 Russia had established a sphere of influence in Chinese --- and was eyeing on northern ---. --- launched a surprise attack on Russian forces in Manchuria and Russia wa
Western
Asia
Manchuria
Korea
Japan
On January 22, 1905 workers peacefully protesting for improved working conditions and higher wages were attacked by the ---'s troops outside the winter palace. This event, --- ---, set off a wave of ---, --- uprisings, and --- mutinies across Russia.
Tsar's
Bloody Sunday
Strikes
Peasant
Troop
The result of a great general strike in Russia in October 1905, it granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected duma (Parliament) with real legislative power
October manifesto
As --- grew, overcrowded and unhealthy cities expanded rapidly. In the 1820s and 1830s people in --- and --- began to worry about the condition of their cities. The most famous early reformer was British official --- ---. He was a follower of radical Brit
Industry
Britain and France
Edwin Chadwick
Utilitarianism
Chadwick became convinced that --- and --- caused poverty. He believed that cleaning up the urban environment would prevent ---.
Disease and death
Disease
In 1848 Chadwick's report became the basis of Great Britain's first --- --- law, which created a national health board and gave cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems. Early sanitary reformers were handicapped by the prevailing miasmatic
Public health
Foul odors
Louis Pasteur
Pasteurization
Vaccines
The idea that disease is caused by the spread of living organisms that can be controlled
Germ theory
France took the lead in urban planning under Napoleon III, who believed that rebuilding Paris would provide ---, improve living ---, and glorify and strengthen his ---. In whom did Napoleon find an authoritarian planner capable of bulldozing both building
Employment
Conditions
Empire
Baron Georges Haussmann
Urban
In the 1870s many European cities authorized private companies to operate --- --- streetcars, which had been developed in the US . In the 1890s countries in North America and Europe adopted another American transit innovation, the --- streetcar.
Horse drawn
Electric
The tremendous appetite of industrializing nations for raw materials, food, and other goods cause the rapid growth of --- cities and --- centers across the world.
Port
Mining
Economic inequality --- in Europe over the course of the 19th century and reached its height on the eve of World War I. The gap between --- and --- was as great or even wider in the early 20th century. Economic specialization created more new --- groups t
Worsened
Rich and poor
Social
Between the tiny elite and the sizable mass of the poor existed a range of ---. They were loosely linked by occupations requiring --- skill. Business families composed the --- middle class. Industrialists and merchants, professionals in law and medicine,
Subclasses
Mental
Upper
Middle
Lower
For the middle classes, their --- superiority proved their worthiness to lead the --- working classes at home as well as the --- inhabitants of the new empires founded by European nations.
Moral
Uneducated
Uncivilized
At the beginning of the 20th century about --- out of 5 Europeans belonged to the --- classes, people whose livelihoods depended on --- ---. Skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers accordingly developed widely divergent --- and cultural ---.
4
Working
Physical labor
Lifestyles
Values
Highly skilled workers, who made up about 15 percent of the working classes, became known as the --- ---. A large number of the --- were factory workers who earned good wages and whose relative importance in the labor force was increasing. Below them was
Labor aristocracy
Semiskilled
Unskilled
To make ends meet, many working class wives had to join the ranks of working women in the --- ---. Across Europe --- remained favorite working-class leisure time activity along with sports and music halls. --- continued to provide working people with sola
Sweated industries
Drinking
Religion
After 1850 --- became wage earners in factories and offices while their --- stayed home to manage households and care for children. The ideal became separate spheres, the strict division of --- by ---. Middle class men did not marry until they were well e
Husbands
Wives
Labor
Sex
Careers
Personal
Marry
Money
Domestic
--- doctors in both Europe and the US began to study --- desires and behavior more closely and to determine what was considered normal and abnormal. Govs seeking to promote a healthy society as a way of building up their national strength increasingly reg
Medical
Sexual
Prostitution
Venereal
Birth
What required suspected prostitutes to undergo biweekly medical exams and subjected them to incarceration and treatment if they showed signs of venereal disease? Medical science also turned its attention toward ---.
The British Contagious Diseases Acts
Motherhood
As European nations embarked on imperialistic expansion in the second half of the 19th century, the need to maintain the --- superiority that justified empire led to increased concerns about the possible dilution of weakening of the European ---.
Racial
Races
Women in industrializing countries began to --- the number of children they bore. This was founded on parents' desire to improve their --- and --- position and that of their children. In opposition to this, imperial propagandists called for women to have
Limit
Economic
Social
Settlers
Colonies
The ideal of separate spheres and the rigid gender division of labor meant that middle class women lacked --- rights and faced discrimination in --- and ---. Organizations founded by middle class --- campaigned for legal equality as well as for access to
Legal
Education
Employment
Feminists
Property
socialist
Breakthroughs in --- technology stimulated scientific inquiry as researchers sought to explain how such things as steam engines and blast furnaces actually worked. The result from the 1830s onward was an explosive growth of fundamental scientific discover
Industrial
Material
Population
--- was transformed from a curiosity in 1800 to a commercial form of energy, first used in communications (the telegraph), then in electrochemistry, and finally in central power generation (for lighting, street cars, and industrial motors). By 1890 the in
Electricity
Petroleum
Everyday --- and innumerable articles in --- and --- impressed the importance of --- on the popular mind. Many educated people came to believe that the union of careful --- and abstract --- was the only route to reliable truth and objective reality.
Experience
Newspapers
Magazines
Science
Experiment
Theory
19th century thinkers in Europe were fascinated with the idea of --- and dynamic ---.
Evolution
Development
The idea developed by Charles Darwin that all life had gradually evolved from a common origin through a process of natural selection; As applied by thinkers in many fields, the idea stressed gradual change and continuous adjustment.
Evolution
Darwin's theory of evolution is summarized in the title of his work On the --- of --- by the Means of --- ---. Combined with the groundbreaking work in genetics by the Augustinian priest and scientist --- --- ---, Darwin's theory has become one of the fun
Origin
Species
Natural Selection
Gregor Johann Mendel
Biology
Who saw the human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by a brutal economic struggle that efficiently determines the survival of the fittest?
Herbert Spencer
The application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs, it sees the human race as driven to ever-greater specialization and progress by an unending economic struggle that determines the survival of the fittest
Social Darwinism
As nations asserted their differences from one another, they sought "---" proof for those differences, which generally meant proof of their own superiority. --- were described as missing links between chimpanzees and Europeans. This scientific racism exte
Scientific
Africans
Jews
A movement in art, literature, and music characterized by a believe any motional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life
Romanticism
Romantic works explored the awesome power of --- and desire and of hatred, ---, and despair. Romantics delved into --- ecstasy and the hidden recesses of the ---. They were passionately moved by --- and decried the growth of modern --- and grimy industria
Love
Guilt
Religious
Self
Nature
Industry
Cities
One of the greatest and most moving romantic painters in France, who depicted dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions? He painted non- --- places and people. His art reveals the undercurrents of --- and --- within Europe's imperial ambitions i
Eugene Delacroix
European
Desire
Fascination
Ludwig van Beethoven
Who was the towering leader of English romanticism? In 1798 he and his fellow romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge published their --- ---, which abandoned flowery classic conventions for the language of ordinary speech.
William Wordsworth
Lyrical Ballads
Who was France's greatest romantic master in both poetry and prose? His novels exemplified the romantic fascination with fantastic ---, strange ---, and human ---. He wrote what, whose hero is the great cathedral's deformed bell ringer, a human gargoyle o
Victor Hugo
Characters
Settings
Emotions
Hunchback of Notre Dame
--- was the key to a universe that was now perceived to be organic and dynamic, not mechanical and static. --- studies supported the development of national aspirations and encouraged entire peoples to seek in the past their special Destinies.
History
Historical
In central and Eastern Europe, literary romanticism and early --- reinforced each other. Who used his lyric genius to mold the modern literary language of Russia?
Nationalism
Aleksandr Pushkin
In the 1840s romanticism gave way to ---. --- writers believed that literature should depict life exactly as it is. They focused on the --- classes.
Realism
Realist
Working classes
What describes the heroine's adulterous affairs and lavish spending as she seeks to escape a dull husband and banal existence in a small provincial village?
Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
Realists such as French novelist Emile Zola and English novelist Thomas Hardy believed that human beings, like atoms, are components of the --- world and that all human actions are caused by unalterable natural ---: heredity and environment determine huma
Physical
Laws
Behavior
Conventions
Man being able to vote made them more --- to the government. Women also began demanding the right to vote and the first important successes were in --- and ---. In --- tax paying single women could vote in municipal elections after 1862. --- and --- gave
Loyal
Scandinavia
Australia
Sweden
Australia
Finland
United States
Who in 1880-1881 led demonstrations, organized women in a property tax boycott, and created the first suffragist newspaper in France?
Hubertine Auclert
As the right to vote spread, --- and --- in national parliaments usually represented the people more responsively. The --- system prevailing in most countries meant that parliamentary majorities were built on shifting ---, which gave political parties lev
Politicians and parties
Multiparty
Coalitions
Problems
The new --- --- was a federal union of Prussia and 24 smaller states. Unifying the whole was a strong national gov with a chancellor (Bismarck until 1890) and a popularly elected parliament called the ---.
German Empire
Reichstag
Bismarck tried to stop the growth of --- in Germany bc he despised its commitment to economic and social equality and its allegiance to a Marxist movement transcending the nation-state. In 1878 he pushed a law outlawing the German --- --- Party. In 1883 t
Socialism
Social Democratic
Health insurance
Accident
Pensions
Retirement
Social security
Wage
State
Who forced Bismarck to resign? Following his departure the Reichstag passed new laws to aid --- and to legalize --- political activity. German --- policy changed profoundly, for the worse.
William II
workers
Socialist
Foreign
When national elections sent a large majority of conservatives and monarchists to the National Assembly, France's leaders decided they had no choice but to surrender Alsace and Lorraine to ---. The traumatized Parisians exploded in patriotic frustration a
Germany
Commune
Commune leaders wanted to govern Paris without interference from the --- French countryside. The Assembly, led by --- ---, ordered the French army into Paris and brutally crushed the Commune.
Conservative
Adolphe Thiers
The moderate republicans who governed France sought to preserve their creation by winning the loyalty of the next ---. --- unions were fully legalized, and France acquired a --- empire. A series of laws between 1879 and 1886 established free compulsory --
Generation
Trade
Colonial
Elementary
Republicanism
In France and throughout the world, the general expansion of --- --- served as a critical nation- and nationalism-building tool in the late 19th century
Public edu
A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed
Dreyfus affair
At home Britain made more of its citizens feel a part of the nation by passing consecutive --- rights bills that gave solid middle class --- the right to vote in 1832, all middle class males and the best paid --- workers the right in the Second Reform Bil
Voting
Males
Male
Males
Social
Liberal party
In 1910 --- nationalists in the British Parliament supported the liberals in their battle for the People's Budget. In 1913 liberals accordingly gave them enough support to pass a bill granting --- self gov, or home rule
Irish
Ireland
Irish Catholic majority in the --- desired home rule. Irish Protestants in the --- resisted it.
South
North
Following the savage defeat of the --- republic, --- was ruled as a conquered territory and emperor Franz Joseph and his bureaucracy tried hard to centralize the --- and Germanize the --- and --- of the different nationalists
Hungarian
Hungary
State
Language
Culture
Following its defeat by Prussia in 1866, a weakened --- was forced to establish the so-called dual monarchy. The austro-Hungarian empire was progressively weakened and eventually destroyed by the conflicting --- aspirations of its different ethnic groups.
Austria
National
Vicious anti-Semitism reappeared after the --- --- crash of 1873, beginning in Central Europe. Anti-Semitic beliefs were particularly popular among ---, extremist ---. And people who felt --- by Jew competition.
Stock market
Conservatives
Nationalists
Threatened
Who combined fierce anti Semitic rhetoric with his support of municipal owner ship of basic services? He appealed to the German-speaking lower middle class and to Adolf Hitler.
Karl Luegr
The movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodor Herzl
Zionism
In 1864 Karl Marx played in important role in founding the socialist International --- --- ---, aka the First International. The First International collapsed in 1872 over disputes about the use of --- to achieve revolution, but in 1889 socialist leaders
Working Men's Associations
Violence
Second
Gradual
Steady
In the early stages of industrialization, modern --- were considered subversive bodies and were generally --- by law. In Great Britain new unions that formed for skilled workers avoided --- politics. After 1890 unions for --- workers developed in Britain.
Unions
Prohibited
Radical
Unskilled
German
Trade union congress
An effort by various socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect realities of the time
Revisionism
Who argued in his Evolutionary Socialism in 1899 that Marx's predictions of ever-greater poverty for workers had been roved false?
Eduard Bernstein
Who formally repudiated revisionist doctrines in order to establish a unified socialist party, but he remained at heart a gradualist?
Jean Jaures
--- and socialists in the --- - --- empire tended to be the most radical. In --- --- the socialist but non-Marxist labor party formally committed to gradual reform. In --- and --- anarchism, seeking to smash the state rather then the bourgeoisie, dominate
Russians
Austro-Hungarian
Great Britain
Spain and Italy