1. How did European expansion in the nineteenth century differ from that of the early modern era (see Chapters 14-16)?
� Europe in the nineteenth century drew on immense new resources created by the Industrial Revolution to underpin its expansion.
� European states were more powerful in the nineteenth century and were able to field more military resources in their imperia
2. What differences can you identify in how China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan experienced Western imperialism and confronted it? How might you account for those differences?
� Both China and the Ottoman Empire became more reliant on Western finance than Japan.
� Both China and the Ottoman Empire experienced occupation of some of their territory by Western military forces; Japan did not.
� China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan
3. "The response of each society to European imperialism grew out of its larger historical development and its internal problems." What evidence might support this statement?
� Certainly the growing military and political power of Western states after the Industrial Revolution and their determination to gain influence in each society provided a larger historical development that shaped responses.
� However, internal problems s
4. What kind of debates, controversies, and conflicts were generated by European intrusion within each of the societies examined in this chapter?
� While there are numerous individual examples, all of the societies explored in the chapter reacted to growing European intrusions through modernization programs, although Japan's modernization program was more radical and far-reaching than the programs
Q. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution shape the character of nineteenth-century European imperialism?
� The enormous productivity of industrial technology and Europe's growing affluence created the need for extensive raw materials and agricultural products found in other parts of the world.
� Europe needed to sell its own products, and foreign regions pro
Q. What contributed to changing European views of Asians and Africans in the nineteenth century?
� The accomplishments of the Industrial Revolution, including the unlocking of the secrets of nature and the creation of a society that enjoyed unprecedented wealth, led Europeans to develop a secular arrogance that fused with or in some cases replaced th
Q. What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of nineteenth-century China?
� China's population grew rapidly between 1685 and 1853, but agricultural production was unable to keep up; this led to growing pressure on the land, smaller farms for China's huge peasant population, and, in all too many cases, unemployment, impoverishme
Q. How did Western pressures stimulate change in China during the nineteenth century?
� China was forced to continue to import opium.
� China had to cede Hong Kong to Britain and open a number of other ports to European merchants.
� It had to set import tariffs into China at the low rate of 5 percent.
� Foreigners were given the right to l
Q. What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems? In what ways did these strategies reflect China's own history and culture as well as the new global order?
� The Chinese instituted a "self-strengthening" program in the 1860s and 1870 to bolster traditional China while also borrowing some new traditions from the West.
� They sought out qualified candidates for bureaucratic positions by instituting a new exami
Q. What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century?
� The empire shrank in size both because of European aggression in places like Egypt and because of successful nationalist independence movements in the Balkans.
� The Ottoman state had weakened, particularly in its ability to raise revenue, as provincial
Q. In what different ways did the Ottoman state respond to its various problems?
� It launched a program of "defensive modernization" that included the establishment of new military and administrative structures alongside traditional institutions as a means of enhancing and centralizing state power.
� Ambassadors were sent to the cour
Q. In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century?
� The Young Ottomans defined the empire as a secular state whose people were loyal to the dynasty that ruled it, rather than a primarily Muslim state based on religious principles. In the middle decades of the nineteenth century, this group argued that th
Q. How did Japan's historical development differ from that of China and the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century?
� Japan enjoyed internal peace between 1600 and 1850.
� Japan agreed to a series of unequal treaties with various Western powers in order to avoid the problems of China, which initially resisted such treaties.
� Japan, unlike China or the Ottoman Empire,
Q. In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era?
� The samurai, in the absence of wars to fight, evolved into a salaried bureaucratic or administrative class.
� Centuries of peace contributed to a remarkable burst of economic growth, commercialization, and urban development.
� Japan became perhaps the w
Q. In what respects was Japan's nineteenth-century transformation revolutionary?
� Its cumulative effect was revolutionary because it included an attack on the power and privileges of both the daimyo and the samurai and their replacement with governors responsible to the central government.
� It dismantled the old Confucian-based soci
Q. How did Japan's relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process?
� The unequal treaties were rewritten in Japan's favor.
� Japan launched its own empire-building enterprise, leaving it with colonial control of Taiwan, Korea, and parts of Manchuria.
� Japan fought successful wars with China and Russia in the process.
�
In what ways did growing
European influence in the
nineteenth century have an impact
on societies of Asia?
These societies faced the immense
military might and political ambitions
of rival European states.
The became enmeshed in networks of
trade, investment, and sometimes
migration that radiated out from an
industrializing and capitalist Europe
to generate a
� In what ways was the Industrial
Revolution instrumental in
Western Europe's growing
importance during the nineteenth
century?
Before the Industrial Revolution,
trade networks were based in the
Jeannette Olivercarr Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time 00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
Eastern hemisphere of the world.
Europe's influence was not as great,
nor had as much to