Nurhaci
Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court cememonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing
Cixi
Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion n 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners
Mahdi
In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th-century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan
Muhammad Abduh
Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
Selim III
Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and vuilding a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807
Qing
Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline fo Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south
compradors
Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world
al-Afghani
Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
Boxer Rebellion
Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials
Murad
Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic incasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroywed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core
Muhammad Ali
Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constatinop
Opium War
fought between the british and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade
Abdul Hamid
Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan; built a private, professioanl army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destoyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman empire on Western precedents
banner armies
Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utillized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty
Ottoman society for union and progress
organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of ABdul Harmid; also called Young Turks; desired to restore 1876 constitution
Lin Zexu
distinguished Chinses official during the early 19th century; charged wiht stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of european trading areas in canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the opium war
Puyi
Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912
Taiping rebellion
Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucians basis of scholar-gentry
Hong Xiuquan
Leader of the Taiping rebellion, converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attackedtraditional Confucian teaching of Chinese elite
Suez Canal
Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect mediterranean sea with red sea in 1869; financed by european investors; with increasing indebtedness of Khedives, permitted intervention of British into egyptian politics to protect their investment
Tanzimat reforms
series of reforms in Ottoman empire between 1839 and 1876; established western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
Muhammad Achmad
Head of a sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to pruge Islam of impurities; to Khartoum in 1883; also know as the Mahdi
Ahmad Orabi
student of Muhamad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against turkish influence in egyptian army; forced Khedive to call on British army for support
khedives
descendants of Muhammad Ali in egypt after 1867; formal rulers of egypt despite french and english intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952
Khalifa Abdallahi
successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598.
Kangxi
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus
Khartoum
river town that was administrative center of egyptian authority in Sudan
Sun Yat-sen
Head of revolutionary alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China in 1919; died in 1925