Available non-clinical safety data include a 28-day, toxstudy in rats (PO administration) which revealed no significant manifestations of toxicity at doses 10x the maximum recommended daily clinical dose. Development of moderate, dose-dependent pleural ef
B) Treatment of depression
Knowledge of toxicology of poisonous agents was published earliest in the __________.
A. Ebers Papyrus
B. De historia Plantarum
C. De Maateria Medica
D. Lex Cornelia
Poisons and their Antifotes
Ebers Papyrus
Place the following mechanisms of toxin delivery in order from most effective to least effective --- 1: intravenous; 2: Subcutaneous; 3: oral; 4: inhalation; 5: dermal
1,4,2,3,5
Paracelsus, physician-alchemist, formulated many revolutionary reviews that remain integral to the structure of toxicology, pharmacology, and therapeutics today. He focused on the primary toxic agent as the chemical entity and articulated the dose-respons
Natural poisons are quick in their onset of actions
A toxin with a half-life of 12 hours is administered every 12 hours. Which of the following is correct?
a) The chemical is eliminated from the body before the next dose is administered.
b) The concentration of the chemical in the body will slowly increase
The concentration of the chemical in the body will slowly increase until the toxic concentration is attained.
Penicillin interferes with the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in bacterial cell walls, thus weakening the cell wall and eventually causing osmotic death of the bacterium. Which of the following is correct?
a) Treatment with penicillin is a good ex
Treatment with penicillin is a good example of selective toxicity
The severity of a toxin depends, in large part, on the concentration of the toxin at its site of action. Which of the following will decrease the amount of toxin reaching its site of action?
A. Absorption across the skin
B. Execration via the kidneys
C. T
Excretion via the kidneys
Regarding the interaction of the ultimate toxicant with its target molecule, which of the following is false?
a. Toxins often oxidize or reduce their target molecules, resulting in the formation of a harmful byproduct.
b. The covalent binding of a toxin w
The noncovalent binding of a toxin to an ion channel irreversibly inhibits ion flux through the channel.
Which one of the following statements is regarding toxicology?
a) Modern toxicology is concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on ancient forms of life.
b) Modern toxicology studies embrace principles from such disciplines as biochemi
Modern toxicology studies embrace principles such as disciplines as biochemistry, botany, chemistry, physiology, and physics.
The probability of an adverse outcome is defined as ________.
a) hazard
b) exposure ratio
c) risk
d) susceptibility
e) epidemiology
risk
Biotransformation is vital in removing toxins from the circulation. All of the following statements regarding biotransformation are correct except
a) Many toxins must be biotransformed into a more lipid-soluble form before they can be excreted from the bo
Many toxins must be biotransformed into a more lipid-soluble form before they can be excreted from the body.
The process leading to a genetic change in a cell (mutation) that could progress to cancer is called __________.
A. Apoptosis
B. Progression
C. Repair
D. Initiation
E. Proliferation
Initiation
Chemical agents that enhance cell proliferation and or inhibit apoptosis are called?
A. Xenobitics
B. Carcinogens
C. Promoters
D. Chemokines
E. Initiators
Promoters
Compounds that are not carcinogens themselves, but yield metabolites that react with and damage DNA are characterized as?
A. Direct acting genotoxic carcinogens
B. Initiators
C. Non-genotoxic, or epigenetic carcinogens
D. Indirect acting genotoxic carcino
Indirect acting genotoxic carcinogens
A chemical (or its metabolite) that can produce tumors by a mechanism NOT involving direct binding, damage, or interaction with DNA is a _______ carcinogen.
A. Genotoxic carcinogens
B. Nongenotoxic carcinogens
C. Procarcinogen
D. Suppressor
E. Metastic
Nongenotoxic carcinogens
The study of chemicals that prevent, inhibit, or slow down the process of cancer is referred to as ______.
A. Pharmacology
B. Homeopathy
C. Chemoprevention
D. Antineoplastic
E. Carcinogenic intervention
Chemoprevention
The standard in vivo rodent carcinogenicity test is conduct over a period of ______ beginning from 8 weeks of age.
A. 5 years
B. 2 years
C. 1 year
D. 6 months
E. 28 days
2 years
In mammalian cytogenic assays, chromosomal aberrations are measured after treatment of the cells at which sensitive phase of the cell cycle?
A. Interphase
B. M phase
C. S phase
D. G1
E. G2
S phase
Which of the following is not one of the more common sources of DNA damage?
a. Ionizing radiation
b. UV light
c. Electrophilic chemical
d. DNA polymerase error
e. X-rays
DNA polymerase error
What's the purpose of the Ames assay?
A. To determine the threshold of U light bacteria can receive before having mutations in their DNA.
B. To measure the frequency of aneuploidy in bacterial colonies treated with various chemicals.
C. To determine the f
To determine the frequency of a reversion mutation that allows bacterial colonies to grow in the absence of vital nutrients
Ionizing radiation can cause multiple types of DNA damge. True or false
TRUE
True or false:
Cancer risk assessment- determines the sensitivity of species or subpopulations to tumor induction while
Genetic risk assessment-determines the frequency of genetic alteration in human germ cells
TRUE
_________ directly evaluated the effects of compounds on DNA and the genetic processes of organisms.
A. Environmental toxicology
B. Genetic toxicology (Genotox)
C. Developmental toxicology
D. Regulatory toxicology
E. Reproductive toxicology
Genetic toxicology (Genotox)
Genetic disease are inherited via gene mutations that are present in _________.
A. Germ cells
B. Somatic cells
C. Muscle cells
D. CHO cells
E. Damaged cells
Germ cells