US History 1 Exam Review

What was the Columbian Exchange?

- exchange/transporting of living things from Europe/Africa/Asia to the Americas and vice versa
- 1st global trade network
- traded animals, plants, and disease

How did European arrival in the Americas led to the creation of a new society?

European, Native American and African cultures blended

How were the Spaniards able to conquer Native American peoples, even though they were greatly outnumbered?

-The Aztecs thought Spaniards were gods, and welcomed them in
- superior technology: guns, cannons, swords, fast horses, small pox, other disease

Why did the Spanish begin to explore the lands north of Mexico?

they wanted more gold and silver

What was New Spain?

large Spanish colony that stretched from North America to South America

Why did the British want to establish a colony in North America?

they think there's more gold, and want to find gold

What was the Virginia Company?

a joint stock, group of investors that invested into trips to the Americas in hopes of profit

Why did Jamestown almost fail?

The colonists only looked for gold, didn't build enough adequate shelters, didn't plant and harvest crops, poisoned the water source with waste and bodies, were starved, freezing, and dying of dysentery, attacked by Native Americans

What saved Jamestown?

John Rolfe breeded tobacco and weeds, tobacco was the source of immense wealth

What was The Headright System? Why was it necessary?

If you paid your way/someone else's way, you got 50 acres of land to grow tobacco on for each person paid for. There were many epic failures and bad stories

What were the causes and consequences of Bacon's Rebellion?

People were living in woods, Indians attack people in the woods, governor refuses to help, protest turns into riot, Bacon burns Jamestown down, Governor Burkley dies, complete destruction of everyone, class warfare, rich hate poor, poor hate rich

Why did Puritans come to America?

Didn't like the Church of England, Church of England as bad as Catholic Church, persecuted for their beliefs

What was the second permanent English colony in North America? What happened to it?

Plymouth, got swallowed up by Massachusetts Bay Colony

What was meant by calling the Massachusetts Bay Colony a "City Upon a Hill"?

They saw themselves as spiritually closer to God than all other societies

How did Puritans treat people with religious beliefs other than their own?

They persecuted and punished them, sometimes banished them from the colony

What was the Puritan stance on the separation of church and state?

there was no separation of church and state

Why were Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

- Roger Williams believed in freedom of worship, Indians aren't subhumans, and that all the land they took should be paid for
- Anne Hutchinson could read, and had secret Bible studies

Who founded New Netherland and why?

the Dutch, making money, fur trade, economic, rich

The stance the people of New Netherland took regarding religious freedom

They didn't care, welcomed all people, drew people in to be rich, wanted more people

Which European nation took control of New Netherland from its founders?

England, to make money off fur trade and close gap between english colonies

The Quakers' ideals

Equality for everyone, Christian, freedom of religion, anti-slavery, pro-Native American, everyone was equal, hardworking, everyone contributed, tolerance

How did the populations of New Netherland (New York) and Pennsylvania become so diverse?

They accepted people of all religions, and were open to people of all backgrounds

Mercantilism

race by the European nations during the colonial age to acquire the most wealth; fur, tobacco, rum, gold, silver, land

The Navigation Acts

- series of laws put in place to stop colonial smuggling
- ships were to be 3/4 british
- colonies could export certain products only to england
- goods traded between colonies and european countries had to pass through english port first
- goods shipped

The Dominion of New England

1 large colony, erased northern colony borders, under one ruler, military dictatorship, martial law, only right was to not be sold into slavery, because smuggling

The Glorious Revolution

Parliament removed King James from the throne, and replaced him with Mary, bloodless

The fear that sparked the Glorious Revolution

Afraid of Catholic dynasty (James II was Catholic)

Salutary neglect

English relaxing laws on colonists, self government, to prevent revolts, fix relationship between English government and colonists

How salutary neglect backfired on the British government

Colonists learned they don't need government to be prosperous, can take care of themselves, sparked 1st ideas of independence

Cash Crops

crop grown solely for the purpose of being sold, beginning of large scale farming, then plantations

Why fewer towns developed in the southern colonies than in the northern colonies

Only towns were near rivers to ship crops, land was agriculturally valuable, would've been a waste to develop cities where fertile soil is

Why large scale, single crops didn't develop in the northern colonies like they did in southern colonies

no fertile soil, no rivers depositing silt, short growing seasons

Triangular Trade Network

rum and other goods from the colonies and England were traded for iron, spice, and slaves in Africa. Slaves brought to Caribbean for sugar and molasses, which were brought to New England to make rum.

Diversity of northern economy

merchants, business owners, shopkeepers, big fishing industry, timber and ship building, iron-working blacksmiths

What Enlightenment thinkers were looking for

life's answers through math, science, logic, and reason

What the Great Awakening ministers were trying to accomplish

bringing society back to the church

Differences between the British and French colonies in North America

English: 1 million colonists, diverse, punish Native Americans for not converting. French: 70k trappers, fur trade, tried to convert sincerely

What led to the tension that eventually started the French and Indian War

English and French military presence in disputed land

The impact that Native Americans had in the French and Indian War

guerilla warfare, knew the land, battle tactics on home turf, most helped French

What the British actually won after seven years of fighting in the French and Indian War

French land, most of North America

What the Proclamation of 1763 forbid colonists to do

settling west of Appalachian Mountains

The Sugar Act

1) cut taxes on foreign molasses in half
2) increased taxes on sugar, coffee, wine, etc
3) Punishment for smuggling would go before military court, rather than jury of your peers

Slave Society

completely reliant economically on the institution of slavery

Society with slaves

Nothing would change if you removed slaves

The Stamp Act

Information was taxed; newspapers, legal documents, licenses, printed on paper with a purchased stamp

The Townshend Acts

taxed 95% of finished goods; paint, glass, lead, and paper; Europeans weren't taxed

The Intolerable Acts

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Why the British decided to march on Concord

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Common Sense

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Loyalists

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The Battle of Saratoga

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Egalitarianism

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Patriots

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The Sons of Liberty

Secret british resistance group, met in secret to plan ways to combat british tyranny, core of the Revolution

Boston Massacre

an incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five people

The Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

The Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll