What was the Columbian Exchange?
- exchange/transporting of living things from Europe/Africa/Asia to the Americas and vice versa
- 1st global trade network
- traded animals, plants, and disease
How did European arrival in the Americas led to the creation of a new society?
European, Native American and African cultures blended
How were the Spaniards able to conquer Native American peoples, even though they were greatly outnumbered?
-The Aztecs thought Spaniards were gods, and welcomed them in
- superior technology: guns, cannons, swords, fast horses, small pox, other disease
Why did the Spanish begin to explore the lands north of Mexico?
they wanted more gold and silver
What was New Spain?
large Spanish colony that stretched from North America to South America
Why did the British want to establish a colony in North America?
they think there's more gold, and want to find gold
What was the Virginia Company?
a joint stock, group of investors that invested into trips to the Americas in hopes of profit
Why did Jamestown almost fail?
The colonists only looked for gold, didn't build enough adequate shelters, didn't plant and harvest crops, poisoned the water source with waste and bodies, were starved, freezing, and dying of dysentery, attacked by Native Americans
What saved Jamestown?
John Rolfe breeded tobacco and weeds, tobacco was the source of immense wealth
What was The Headright System? Why was it necessary?
If you paid your way/someone else's way, you got 50 acres of land to grow tobacco on for each person paid for. There were many epic failures and bad stories
What were the causes and consequences of Bacon's Rebellion?
People were living in woods, Indians attack people in the woods, governor refuses to help, protest turns into riot, Bacon burns Jamestown down, Governor Burkley dies, complete destruction of everyone, class warfare, rich hate poor, poor hate rich
Why did Puritans come to America?
Didn't like the Church of England, Church of England as bad as Catholic Church, persecuted for their beliefs
What was the second permanent English colony in North America? What happened to it?
Plymouth, got swallowed up by Massachusetts Bay Colony
What was meant by calling the Massachusetts Bay Colony a "City Upon a Hill"?
They saw themselves as spiritually closer to God than all other societies
How did Puritans treat people with religious beliefs other than their own?
They persecuted and punished them, sometimes banished them from the colony
What was the Puritan stance on the separation of church and state?
there was no separation of church and state
Why were Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
- Roger Williams believed in freedom of worship, Indians aren't subhumans, and that all the land they took should be paid for
- Anne Hutchinson could read, and had secret Bible studies
Who founded New Netherland and why?
the Dutch, making money, fur trade, economic, rich
The stance the people of New Netherland took regarding religious freedom
They didn't care, welcomed all people, drew people in to be rich, wanted more people
Which European nation took control of New Netherland from its founders?
England, to make money off fur trade and close gap between english colonies
The Quakers' ideals
Equality for everyone, Christian, freedom of religion, anti-slavery, pro-Native American, everyone was equal, hardworking, everyone contributed, tolerance
How did the populations of New Netherland (New York) and Pennsylvania become so diverse?
They accepted people of all religions, and were open to people of all backgrounds
Mercantilism
race by the European nations during the colonial age to acquire the most wealth; fur, tobacco, rum, gold, silver, land
The Navigation Acts
- series of laws put in place to stop colonial smuggling
- ships were to be 3/4 british
- colonies could export certain products only to england
- goods traded between colonies and european countries had to pass through english port first
- goods shipped
The Dominion of New England
1 large colony, erased northern colony borders, under one ruler, military dictatorship, martial law, only right was to not be sold into slavery, because smuggling
The Glorious Revolution
Parliament removed King James from the throne, and replaced him with Mary, bloodless
The fear that sparked the Glorious Revolution
Afraid of Catholic dynasty (James II was Catholic)
Salutary neglect
English relaxing laws on colonists, self government, to prevent revolts, fix relationship between English government and colonists
How salutary neglect backfired on the British government
Colonists learned they don't need government to be prosperous, can take care of themselves, sparked 1st ideas of independence
Cash Crops
crop grown solely for the purpose of being sold, beginning of large scale farming, then plantations
Why fewer towns developed in the southern colonies than in the northern colonies
Only towns were near rivers to ship crops, land was agriculturally valuable, would've been a waste to develop cities where fertile soil is
Why large scale, single crops didn't develop in the northern colonies like they did in southern colonies
no fertile soil, no rivers depositing silt, short growing seasons
Triangular Trade Network
rum and other goods from the colonies and England were traded for iron, spice, and slaves in Africa. Slaves brought to Caribbean for sugar and molasses, which were brought to New England to make rum.
Diversity of northern economy
merchants, business owners, shopkeepers, big fishing industry, timber and ship building, iron-working blacksmiths
What Enlightenment thinkers were looking for
life's answers through math, science, logic, and reason
What the Great Awakening ministers were trying to accomplish
bringing society back to the church
Differences between the British and French colonies in North America
English: 1 million colonists, diverse, punish Native Americans for not converting. French: 70k trappers, fur trade, tried to convert sincerely
What led to the tension that eventually started the French and Indian War
English and French military presence in disputed land
The impact that Native Americans had in the French and Indian War
guerilla warfare, knew the land, battle tactics on home turf, most helped French
What the British actually won after seven years of fighting in the French and Indian War
French land, most of North America
What the Proclamation of 1763 forbid colonists to do
settling west of Appalachian Mountains
The Sugar Act
1) cut taxes on foreign molasses in half
2) increased taxes on sugar, coffee, wine, etc
3) Punishment for smuggling would go before military court, rather than jury of your peers
Slave Society
completely reliant economically on the institution of slavery
Society with slaves
Nothing would change if you removed slaves
The Stamp Act
Information was taxed; newspapers, legal documents, licenses, printed on paper with a purchased stamp
The Townshend Acts
taxed 95% of finished goods; paint, glass, lead, and paper; Europeans weren't taxed
The Intolerable Acts
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Why the British decided to march on Concord
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Common Sense
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Loyalists
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The Battle of Saratoga
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Egalitarianism
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Patriots
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The Sons of Liberty
Secret british resistance group, met in secret to plan ways to combat british tyranny, core of the Revolution
Boston Massacre
an incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five people
The Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
The Olive Branch Petition
An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll