What happened in 1453?
Byzantine Empire fell
Why was 1453 so important?
It was the end of the Roman Empire, which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years, it caused Spain to venture west and find the Americas
Why did Europeans want trade routes?
Trade routes brought wealth, culture, information and power
Separation between Spanish and Portuguese territory revised by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494).
-Spain won control of west.
-Portugal won control of east. (originally almost no land)
Line of Demarcation
began through the shores of Saint Lawrence river, Acadia, Newfoundland to great lakes in present day Canada. Later moved through western Appalachia.
Path of expansion of New World for French
first colony was Roanoke (failed)
-first success was Jamestown (1607)
-eastern shore of North America (12 colonies by 18th century)
Path of expansion of New World for English
Path of expansion of New World for Spanish Caribbean --> Central Mexico (Aztecs) --> western side of South America (Incas)
- Allied with natives --> fight two great empires
- Acquired "ridiculous" amounts wealth (gold and silver) using slave laborof South
Path of expansion of New World for Spanish
Path of expansion of New World for Portuguese -Focus --> African coastline
-Monopolized trade routes of Indian Ocean -"got" Brazil from Treaty of Tordesillas
Path of expansion of New World for Portuguese
What was the justification for European expansions?
-more humane than the "Black Legend"
-spread Protestantism
-gain wealth
-provide work for England's jobless poor
The exchange of plants , animals, culture, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
-North America -->tobacco/pumpkin/turkey
-Europe-->disease/livestock/coffee
(triangle of trade)
The Columbian Exchange
What was the relationship between Great Britain and the colonists after the French and Indian War(7 year war)?
war is expensive --> taxes
-War fought in the colonies between English and French for possession of Ohio Valley area.
-Ended with Treaty of Paris(1763). The English won.
French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)
Advances during Middle Ages
Waterwheels, windmills, wheelbarrow, measurement of time, improved metallurgy
Ages to Renaissance China --> excelled
Arabs(Middle East) --> excelled
Western Europe --> moving backwards/underdeveloped
China, Middle East, and Europe's technology conditions from Middle Ages to Renaissance
rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
The Renaissance
revolutionized the ability to print information which affected...
-the speed of the spread of information itself.
-increased literacy among the common people
-spread humanism and Christianity
-brought about the Protestant Reformation later(Gutenberg Bible
The Printing Press
Procrastinator/Perfectionist, Mona Lisa, Last Supper, flying machine
Leonardo da Vinci
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Humanism
the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe
Black Death
The use of a liquid flowing under pressure to transmit power from one location to another.
hydraulics
the problem of determining a ship's location at sea
Longitude Problem
A Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Conquistador
Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit
Black Legend
Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping and smuggle in needed supplies. Queen Elizabeth allowed privateering
Privateering
reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament
No Taxation Without Representation
-used to raise or lower the water level
-two gates
-boat enters through one gate which closes behind it (made by China)
canals and locks
The formula, brought to China in the 400s, used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
Gunpowder
very difficult to move, extremely inaccurate, and took a long time to reload and fire. As a result they were fairly ineffective for land warfare, aside from sieges. They did prove, however, to be more effective at sea
Cannons
an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.
compass
Navigational instruments using the sun or stars and angles (also known as Sextants)
Astrolabe
ships that used triangular sails to sail against the wind, and had rudders to improve steering (first trading ship)
Caravels
Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.
Galleons
long, rifle-like guns that were fired from the shoulder
Muskets
an instrument for measuring time and solved the longitude problem
chronometers