The French and Indian War ultimately set the stage for...
disputes between the colonists and the British.
Name the two European powers who competed against each other for land throughout the world
France and Great Britian
Why was France and Great Britian rivalry so strong in North America?
The land in North America was rich in the four F's. Therefore, control over this land would lead to money and power.
When did the British start to show interest in the Ohio River Valley and intensify its rivalry with France
mid - 1700's
What type of trade did the French do with the Indians in the Ohio River Valley
Fur Trading
What did the French do to protect their region of North America once the British started to move in on their territory
They built a chain of forts from Lake Ontario to the Ohio River
How did the British respond to the French building forts?
They started their own fort in Western Pennsylvania but before they could finish the French seized it and built their own fort on the site, called Fort Duquesne
What is a militia?
A military force made of ordinary citizens
In what year did the Governor of Virginia organize a militia to drive out the French
1754
Who did the Governor of Virginia choose to lead his militia against the French
George Washington, a young Virginian
What was the name of the fort that George Washington established near the French Fort Duquesne
Fort Necessity
What happened at George Washington's Fort Necessity
The French, with help from the Indians, conquered Fort Necessity and took British soldiers that they later released
Why were the Indians allies with the French?
The French already had fur trading relationships with many Indians, and many French married Indians. The French were generally not interested in taking the land, and the Indians feared the British as land hungry
What Indian group did the British try to ally with in order to combat the French and their won Indian alliance
Iroquois Confederacy based in the eastern territory of North America. They refused to partner with the British but did agree not to take a side (or partner with the French)
What does neutral mean?
to not take a side in an argument
What does alliance mean?
partnership
What was the Albany Plan of Union and who developed it?
The Albany Plan of Union was devised to organize the colonies to work together in order to fight the French, but in order to accomplish this it would mean the colonies would have to give up some of their power. Benjamin Franklin developed the Albany Plan
Did the French or the British have success first in the war?
the French - aided by their Indian allies
Who was the British Prime Minister that turned the war around in favor of the British?
William Pitt, he was a great military planner and he made it his first priority to win the French and Indian War for the British
What did William Pitt do to help the colonists compete against the French
He sent British troops over to the colonies but ordered his generals to respect the colonial style of fighting which turned the tide towards the British victory
How did William Pitt plan to pay for the cost of the war and the British troops he sent to help?
He decided he would raise taxes on the colonists but not until AFTER the war was over so colonists wouldn't complain
What areas did William Pitt want to take away from the French?
Not just the Ohio River Valley but also French Canada.
In 1758, British forces won key battles where?
Fort Louisbourg, in present day Nova Scotia and Fort Frontenac at Lake Ontario. They also recaptured Fort Duquesne
What did the British rename Fort Duquesne after they captured it?
Fort Pitt
What was the capital of New France?
Quebec
Why was Quebec thought to be impossible to attack?
Because it sat on a cliff above the Saint Lawrence River
In what year did the British attack Quebec and how?
in 1759. The British found a unguarded path on the back of the cliff and were able to conquer Quebec on the Fields of Abraham
The defeat of the French in which two cities marked the overall defeat of the French in North America
Quebec and Montreal
What treaty ended the war and when?
1763, Treaty of Paris
Who was the native American who fought against the British after the French and Indian War because he saw the British as a threat
Pontiac - he captured the fort at Detroit and other British posts
British King George declared that colonists were not allowed to settle where?
West of the Applachian Mountains. The Proclamation of 1763. This helped ease tensions with the Native Americans and the King sent 10,000 troops to America to enforce the Proclamation
Name 4 specific reasons the colonists were dissatisfied with the outcome of the French and Indian War?
1. Indian attacks (Pontiac) on settlers due to British policy
2. Troops sent to police colonists (Proclomation of 1763)
3. Taxes - colonists must pay war debt through taxation
4. Trade laws - strict enforcement of Navigation Acts
Who was Edward "Bulldog" Braddock
leading expert in open field tactics. insisted on building 200 mile road through wilderness to carry cannons to Fort Duquesne.
James Wolfe
English General at the battle of Quebec. He surprised the French by climbing up the cliff that defended Quebec. He was well prepared for the battle on the Fields of Abraham. He faced French General Montcalm and was victorious but was killed in battle
Marquis de Montcalm
French General at battle of Quebec. Able fighter but hasty call to battle did not help he. He was surprised by the British and did not have adequate time to prepare his troops. He was killed in the battle
Three Rivers
Monogahala, Allegheny and Ohio. From their confluence one could control travel by water in and out of the Ohio River Valley
Fort Duquesne
French built this fort at the Three Rivers first, thwarting Washington's orders. Later captured by the British and renamed Fort Pitt. The surrounding village became Pittsburgh
Fort Necessity
Built by Washington when he realized French had already build Fort Duquesne where he wanted his fort (confluence, three rivers)
Braddock's Road
200 mile cordorouy style road. Braddock insisted on building on his way to Fort Duquesne
Forts oswego and William Henry
British forts captured by the French with Indian help in the early part of the war
Fort Louisbourg
French fort captured by the British. Its location guarded the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Quebec
French fort built on the Plains of Abraham at the delta of the St. Lawrence river. A major supply fort for the French.
Montreal
Last major battle in the war. Its capture by the British sealed France's fate in North American. New France would become Canada
Causes of the French and Indian War (Why?)
1. Competition for fur trade and land (a. the Ohio River Valley was rich with the 4 F's - fur, forest, fish & farmland, b. both countries wanted these resources, money & power, c. before 1753 disputes between the French and British had been minor
French and Indian War - Reasons and Effects
1. in 1753 the governor of New France set soldiers into the Ohio River Valley to claim it once and for all for France
2. The French also built several forts and the British were worried about this encroachment and sent Washington to tell them to get out
3
What was some of the history of the ongoing rivalry between the French and Great Britian
1. They had been engaged in wars prior to this (King William 1689-97) (Queen Anne 1701-13) (King George 1744-48)
2. The French and Indian, called the 7 year war in Europe, was just another continuation of these wars - the difference of the French Indian W
Effects of the French and Indian War
1. The end of French power in North America
a. Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Britian all of France's land east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans
b. Spain received all of France's land west of the Mississippi River
c. Great Britian gained control o