Brunelleschi
architect, invented way to do modern dome
Jan van Eyck
the wedding portrait, father of oil painting, revolutionizes art
Joan of Arc
burned at the stake for involvement in the 100 years' war, French, leads a French resurgence
The 100 Years War
between France and England
The Great Schism
catholic church split between Rome and Avignon, era of two popes
Avignon Papacy
papacy moved to Avignon France
The Black Death
global epidemic of bullantic plague that swept through Europe, entered through merchant ships, 1/3 of all Europeans die
Macabre
dark style of art during the time after and during black death, skeletons dancing, people trying to cope with death around them
Medieval worldview
Pope or Monarch has ultimate authority, individual has no power, man is naturally evil, mankind is not capable of doing good on their own, producing art for only God, source of all knowledge is the church
Renaissance worldview
man is good and capable of good, individuality, art for pleasure and personal glorification, disregard and rebel against traditional authority, getting knowledge from rediscovered classics from Rome and Greece
Renaissance art
oil, perspective, use of light and creating shadows, and pyramid configuration
Oil Painting
new style of painting during renaissance, that could create depth and textures
Sfumato
renaissance art techniques, smoky
Chiaroscuro
renaissance art techniques, shadows
Perspective
art no longer looked stacked on top of each other, paintings had more depth and looked more realistic
City-states
mainly in Italy, city and land around it, acted as its own nation, political loyalty and feeling centered on local city, most of renaissance occurred in Italian city-states
The Roman Catholic Church
main church until other religions began to form and other churches began to break off
Popes/Papal Authority
Popes had all the power of Europe, but declined over time and monarch began to take away religious power
Christian Humanism
belief that we should think about scripture and study academically and try to understand it using reason, not just talk scripture for what priest says, people should be able to read scripture for themselves
Reformation
began after Martin Luther published the 95 theses, people begin to take religion into their own hands, learning truth form Bible and not just simply following what the church says
Lutherans
followers of Martin Luther, original protestants, form in opposition to catholic practices (indulgences, salvation by works), starts in Germany
Calvinists
turns into many denominations, founded by John Calvin, predestination
Huguenots
French Calvinists, heavily persecuted by French Catholic Monarchy
Anabaptists
smaller protestant groups, didn't believe infant baptism counted for anything, make the choice to be baptized
Puritans
English Calvinists, oppose the Anglican Church
The 100 Years War
116 year. Conflict between France and England, King Edward III tries to make a claim to French throne, Henry V succeeds in unifying nations but dies in battle, Joan of Arc rids France of English rule, France wins, and two nations remain separate
The Great Schism
Catholic Church splits, multiple popes (2-3), one moved to France and people and Italy don't trust so make their own pope, leads to erosion of power and trust in Catholic Church
The Renaissance
time of cultural rebirth in Europe, classical texts rediscovered, wealthy control cities through shows of power and distribution of money, people spend money to make life more enjoyable and on themselves
The Reformation
began after Martin Luther published the 95 theses, people begin to take religion into their own hands, learning truth form Bible and not just simply following what the church says
The Printing Revolution
started by the creation of printing press, copies of book made in vernacular so that more people can read and have access to books, people now able to read the Bible for themselves
Christopher Columbus
sailed for Spain, helped bring Spanish and Portuguese to Africa which helped with slave trade
Vasco de Gama
sea route to India, connects Atlantic and Indian ocean, capture ships and burn them
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer, went to Cuba and Mexico, conquered Aztecs, claimed Mexico and turned it into a Spanish colony
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador, Peru, silver, helped Spanish conquer and take over Incan empire
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese, sponsor trips to Asia and Africa, big part in birthing African slave trade
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese, Spanish sailing from Europe to Asia, made it around the world once, dies in battle in the Philippines
Louis XIII
French King, first absolute ruler of France, takes power by crushing nobility with force
Louis XIV, the "Sun King
builds Versailles, absolute monarch who rules for 72 years, goes to war because he wants, head of state and church
The Habsburgs
absolute monarch family, married each other to keep power in the family and maintain peace, Austria, Spain, and HRE
Peter the Great
most famous czar of Russia and expands through warfare greatly
Suleiman the Magnificent
most famous sultan of Ottoman
Henry VIII
King of England, absolute Monarch, broke off from Roman Catholic church and started Anglican church in order to divorce wife
Elizabeth I
part of the Tudor Dynasty, used English Navy to steal power from Spain, promoted colonization, privateering, and forceful empire rule
Philosophes
a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment
Voltaire
French enlightenment thinker, critics French government and catholic church, exiled from France
Montesquieu
separation of powers, philosopher
John Locke
English enlightenment thinker, social contract, civil government, political theorist from enlightenment era, leaders should care about their people
Nicolaus Copernicus
initiates challenging against catholic teachings by publishing his universe theory, Heliocentric theory: sun is center of universe and all planets revolve around it
Galileo Galilei
leads many astronomical advances through use of telescope, prove heliocentrism, elliptical orbits, and changing universe
Francis Bacon
scientific revolution, father of scientific method
Isaac Newton
experiments with new revolutionary ideas and develops mathematical formulas to explain mass, force, acceleration, velocity, and inertia, produces law of universal gravitation and 3 laws of motion
Rene Descartes
philosopher during scientific revolution era, uses deductive reasoning, using visible to understand invisible, everything mind or matter (spiritual or physical), mathematician
England
100 years' war, Tudor Dynasty, War of Spanish Succession
France
100 years' war, Bourbon Dynasty, War of Austrian Succession, War of Spanish Succession
Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas, Hapsburgs, War of Spanish succession
Holy Roman Empire
Hapsburgs
Ottoman Empire
center of trade before exploration and quest for power began
Portugal
first European nation to go exploring, establish trade route to India and Africa slave trade, Vasco de Gama, presence in brazil, Treaty of Tordesillas
The Netherlands/Dutch
constitutional republic, doesn't have a king, maritime trade, settled in Indonesia
Russian Tsardom/Empire
absolute monarchy, tsar is head of Russian orthodox church, lot of wars, people are slaves to the government (Peter the Great)
Prussia
monarch was an enlightened monarch (Fredrick the Great), war of Austrian succession (try to take Hapsburg lands)
London
Mainly wealthy liked to talk about politics; Overcrowded, most populated city in Europe at the time; Parties and theaters; No longer relied on commissioning's to make art; Would make art on their own terms and then go out and sell it; Rebuilt from the gre
Paris
Population around 600,000; Welcomed forward thinking people, took pride in them; Loved to party, center of sensual pleasures and the art; Baroque style; Buildings more like the ancient Greeks
Rome
Large and diverse population due to the vastness of the empire; Overcrowded, unsanitary, and stench filled streets; Age of rococo; Art main place for tours to view art; theater, ballet, spas
Colonization
after exploration, nations begin to settle in new lands, take over, and add them to their empires
Treaty of Tordesillas
1498 ish, pope negotiates treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing new lands for purposes of exploration and trade, must make Christians of the inhabitants
Slavery
people are either enslaved in their homelands once they are taken over, or taken away to a new place and forced to work in harsh conditions against their will for free labor
Bourbon Dynasty
royal family of France, Louis, expand control over Spain during war of Spanish succession after Hapsburg dynasty ends there
Absolutism/Absolute Monarchy
limitless power of monarch, economic and power growth, people have no freedom
Divine right of kings
kings are given the right to rule by God, what they say cannot be questioned because they are an extension of God
Anglicanism
Church of England
Parliament
group of representatives, wealthy/nobility, take power away from monarch
Constitutions
a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed
The Glorious Revolution
1688 in Britain, Parliament kicked James II of throne he was Catholic, bring in William and Mary to rule England, shows power of Parliament and people
English Bill of Rights (1689)
confirms that in Britain parliament has more power than the king
Stadholder
Dutch representative in parliament
Nobility
the group of people belonging to the noble class in a country, especially those with a hereditary or honorary title
Human reason
idea from Enlightenment that people have the ability to think through and find truth, lead to proper understandings
Age of Exploration
all nations go a search for. 'new' lands, hopes to gain power and wealth
Conquest of the Americas
after exploration many nations mainly Spain, England, France, begin to take over the Americas
The Scientific Revolution
1600s new ideas, brought about by Copernicus, inductive and deductive reasoning to prove why things are true and not just accept them as true.
The Enlightenment
1700s, applies scientific revolution thinking to society, religion, and government
Jethro Tull
inventor of seed drill
Maria Theresa of Austria
Hapsburg, absolute monarch, her coming to throne creates war of Austrian succession
Charles II of Spain
...
Jonathan Edwards
leader of the great awakening (protestant revival), sermons in the hand of angry sinners
John Wesley
great awakening,
George Whitefield
great awakening
Count Nicolas Ludwig van Zinzendorf
responsible for Moravian actions (missionary minded European Protestants who went and preached gospel)
Open Field System
people would share designated portions of land for certain things, and then everyone has an individual strip to farm on
Enclosure Movement
less farming opportunity for peasants, made landowner richer, wealthy had a lot more land, peasants had to find different jobs in town, women have to start working, less farmers
Agricultural Revolution
enclosing fields, new technology for farming, science applied to farming, new crops from the new world
Seed Drill
invention during scientific revolution that made the planting of the seeds more consistent and thorough
Crop Rotation
rotating of crops for soil replenishment
Cottage Industry
manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds; final products sold in market
Putting-Out System
when a merchant provides raw materials to rural workers who finished the material and returned it to the merchant for payment
Taverns
males, dimly lit, alcohol
Blood Sports
common past time in urban 18th century Europe, cock fighting, bull baiting, fox hunting
Mercantilism
economic theory, as a mother country goal is to get as many possible exports
Trans-Atlantic trade
trade between Europe and Americas, tobacco, sugar, cotton
Trade with the Pacific and India
silk, spices, textiles, tropical rainforest products, Dutch and English
European colonies
new regions in European empires that are located in the new world, take resources from there and boost economy
Creoles
Spaniards that are born in Americas, mixed race children of Spanish in Americas,
Indentured servants
poor class in colonies, a person who signs and is bound by indentures to work for another for a specified time especially in return for payment of travel expenses and maintenance
Mulatto
mixed race colonial, European and African, viewed as black
Anglo-Indian (Kutcha-Butcha)
English and Indian children, in India, not treated well
Metis
French and native children, treated the best out of mixed-race folks
Orphanages
created and increase in orphanages due to more premarital sex
Infant/Maternal mortality
traditionally a problem in Europe, babies and mothers die as result in childbirth and early years of life, improves during 18th century, population begins to grow
Illegitimate children
children born outside the context of marriage, more common in Europe during 18th century, women do not have means to take care of child and poverty or abandoned children
Pietism
movement within European protestants, increasing Biblical knowledge, leads into great awakening
Moravians
missionary minded European Protestants who went and preached gospel
Baroque and Rococo Art
(B) style of art in Paris, (R) style of art in Rome
Processionals
Catholics, go on parades and have religious festivals to increase religious devotion
Pilgrimages
pilgrimages were undertaken by local parishes to inspire greater devotion and to provide a religious leisure activity, Pilgrimages to and veneration of holy sites and relics were common
War of Austrian Succession
Fought from 1740 to 1748, War was caused by those argued Maria Theresa (Hapsburg) of Austria could not inherit the lands of her father, France and Prussia hoped to use this as an opportunity to steal Hapsburg land for themselves, Around 6 related wars int
War of Spanish Succession
Fought from 1701-1714, Death of Charles II, Louis XIV leads French war effort while Queen Anne of Britain tries to stop him from extending Bourbon rule over Spain through his Grandson Philip V Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 (Philip V does become king of Spain)
Spain now under Bourbon control, but French payed a high cost England wins
...
Seven Years War
Fought from 1756-1763, The largest of the 18th century war, fought across 5 continents, resulted in nearly a million European deaths, was the "first world war", France vs Britain vs Spain in North America and other colonies (the French and Indian War in A
The Great Awakening
Led by charismatic preachers like the Wesleys and George Whitefield, Christian believers are encouraged to make their faith personal and not just accept it because it was tradition to do so
Johannes Gutenberg
created the printing press and started printing revolution
Martin Luther
sparks reformation by challenging catholic church, was catholic monk
John Calvin
protestant reformation leader for Calvinist, predestination central belief
Machiavelli
Italian, political philosopher of Renaissance, wrote the Prince, way that you rule should be complete, don't owe anything to people but people owe you loyalty
Michelangelo
painted ceiling of Vatican that was patronaged by Pope Julius II, lived and did most work in Florence
The Medici Family
great banking family that was the major leading force in Florence, produced three popes
Erasmus
Greek, Christian Huguenots, one of first people to apply reason into religion, encourages people translate the new testament into vernacular (Greek), challenge church's hold on knowledge
Leonardo da Vinci
renaissance artist, painted Mona Lisa and the last supper
Raphael
painted himself in the school of Athens, Fresco artist