History Exam 2019

Brunelleschi

architect, invented way to do modern dome

Jan van Eyck

the wedding portrait, father of oil painting, revolutionizes art

Joan of Arc

burned at the stake for involvement in the 100 years' war, French, leads a French resurgence

The 100 Years War

between France and England

The Great Schism

catholic church split between Rome and Avignon, era of two popes

Avignon Papacy

papacy moved to Avignon France

The Black Death

global epidemic of bullantic plague that swept through Europe, entered through merchant ships, 1/3 of all Europeans die

Macabre

dark style of art during the time after and during black death, skeletons dancing, people trying to cope with death around them

Medieval worldview

Pope or Monarch has ultimate authority, individual has no power, man is naturally evil, mankind is not capable of doing good on their own, producing art for only God, source of all knowledge is the church

Renaissance worldview

man is good and capable of good, individuality, art for pleasure and personal glorification, disregard and rebel against traditional authority, getting knowledge from rediscovered classics from Rome and Greece

Renaissance art

oil, perspective, use of light and creating shadows, and pyramid configuration

Oil Painting

new style of painting during renaissance, that could create depth and textures

Sfumato

renaissance art techniques, smoky

Chiaroscuro

renaissance art techniques, shadows

Perspective

art no longer looked stacked on top of each other, paintings had more depth and looked more realistic

City-states

mainly in Italy, city and land around it, acted as its own nation, political loyalty and feeling centered on local city, most of renaissance occurred in Italian city-states

The Roman Catholic Church

main church until other religions began to form and other churches began to break off

Popes/Papal Authority

Popes had all the power of Europe, but declined over time and monarch began to take away religious power

Christian Humanism

belief that we should think about scripture and study academically and try to understand it using reason, not just talk scripture for what priest says, people should be able to read scripture for themselves

Reformation

began after Martin Luther published the 95 theses, people begin to take religion into their own hands, learning truth form Bible and not just simply following what the church says

Lutherans

followers of Martin Luther, original protestants, form in opposition to catholic practices (indulgences, salvation by works), starts in Germany

Calvinists

turns into many denominations, founded by John Calvin, predestination

Huguenots

French Calvinists, heavily persecuted by French Catholic Monarchy

Anabaptists

smaller protestant groups, didn't believe infant baptism counted for anything, make the choice to be baptized

Puritans

English Calvinists, oppose the Anglican Church

The 100 Years War

116 year. Conflict between France and England, King Edward III tries to make a claim to French throne, Henry V succeeds in unifying nations but dies in battle, Joan of Arc rids France of English rule, France wins, and two nations remain separate

The Great Schism

Catholic Church splits, multiple popes (2-3), one moved to France and people and Italy don't trust so make their own pope, leads to erosion of power and trust in Catholic Church

The Renaissance

time of cultural rebirth in Europe, classical texts rediscovered, wealthy control cities through shows of power and distribution of money, people spend money to make life more enjoyable and on themselves

The Reformation

began after Martin Luther published the 95 theses, people begin to take religion into their own hands, learning truth form Bible and not just simply following what the church says

The Printing Revolution

started by the creation of printing press, copies of book made in vernacular so that more people can read and have access to books, people now able to read the Bible for themselves

Christopher Columbus

sailed for Spain, helped bring Spanish and Portuguese to Africa which helped with slave trade

Vasco de Gama

sea route to India, connects Atlantic and Indian ocean, capture ships and burn them

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer, went to Cuba and Mexico, conquered Aztecs, claimed Mexico and turned it into a Spanish colony

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador, Peru, silver, helped Spanish conquer and take over Incan empire

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese, sponsor trips to Asia and Africa, big part in birthing African slave trade

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese, Spanish sailing from Europe to Asia, made it around the world once, dies in battle in the Philippines

Louis XIII

French King, first absolute ruler of France, takes power by crushing nobility with force

Louis XIV, the "Sun King

builds Versailles, absolute monarch who rules for 72 years, goes to war because he wants, head of state and church

The Habsburgs

absolute monarch family, married each other to keep power in the family and maintain peace, Austria, Spain, and HRE

Peter the Great

most famous czar of Russia and expands through warfare greatly

Suleiman the Magnificent

most famous sultan of Ottoman

Henry VIII

King of England, absolute Monarch, broke off from Roman Catholic church and started Anglican church in order to divorce wife

Elizabeth I

part of the Tudor Dynasty, used English Navy to steal power from Spain, promoted colonization, privateering, and forceful empire rule

Philosophes

a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment

Voltaire

French enlightenment thinker, critics French government and catholic church, exiled from France

Montesquieu

separation of powers, philosopher

John Locke

English enlightenment thinker, social contract, civil government, political theorist from enlightenment era, leaders should care about their people

Nicolaus Copernicus

initiates challenging against catholic teachings by publishing his universe theory, Heliocentric theory: sun is center of universe and all planets revolve around it

Galileo Galilei

leads many astronomical advances through use of telescope, prove heliocentrism, elliptical orbits, and changing universe

Francis Bacon

scientific revolution, father of scientific method

Isaac Newton

experiments with new revolutionary ideas and develops mathematical formulas to explain mass, force, acceleration, velocity, and inertia, produces law of universal gravitation and 3 laws of motion

Rene Descartes

philosopher during scientific revolution era, uses deductive reasoning, using visible to understand invisible, everything mind or matter (spiritual or physical), mathematician

England

100 years' war, Tudor Dynasty, War of Spanish Succession

France

100 years' war, Bourbon Dynasty, War of Austrian Succession, War of Spanish Succession

Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas, Hapsburgs, War of Spanish succession

Holy Roman Empire

Hapsburgs

Ottoman Empire

center of trade before exploration and quest for power began

Portugal

first European nation to go exploring, establish trade route to India and Africa slave trade, Vasco de Gama, presence in brazil, Treaty of Tordesillas

The Netherlands/Dutch

constitutional republic, doesn't have a king, maritime trade, settled in Indonesia

Russian Tsardom/Empire

absolute monarchy, tsar is head of Russian orthodox church, lot of wars, people are slaves to the government (Peter the Great)

Prussia

monarch was an enlightened monarch (Fredrick the Great), war of Austrian succession (try to take Hapsburg lands)

London

Mainly wealthy liked to talk about politics; Overcrowded, most populated city in Europe at the time; Parties and theaters; No longer relied on commissioning's to make art; Would make art on their own terms and then go out and sell it; Rebuilt from the gre

Paris

Population around 600,000; Welcomed forward thinking people, took pride in them; Loved to party, center of sensual pleasures and the art; Baroque style; Buildings more like the ancient Greeks

Rome

Large and diverse population due to the vastness of the empire; Overcrowded, unsanitary, and stench filled streets; Age of rococo; Art main place for tours to view art; theater, ballet, spas

Colonization

after exploration, nations begin to settle in new lands, take over, and add them to their empires

Treaty of Tordesillas

1498 ish, pope negotiates treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing new lands for purposes of exploration and trade, must make Christians of the inhabitants

Slavery

people are either enslaved in their homelands once they are taken over, or taken away to a new place and forced to work in harsh conditions against their will for free labor

Bourbon Dynasty

royal family of France, Louis, expand control over Spain during war of Spanish succession after Hapsburg dynasty ends there

Absolutism/Absolute Monarchy

limitless power of monarch, economic and power growth, people have no freedom

Divine right of kings

kings are given the right to rule by God, what they say cannot be questioned because they are an extension of God

Anglicanism

Church of England

Parliament

group of representatives, wealthy/nobility, take power away from monarch

Constitutions

a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed

The Glorious Revolution

1688 in Britain, Parliament kicked James II of throne he was Catholic, bring in William and Mary to rule England, shows power of Parliament and people

English Bill of Rights (1689)

confirms that in Britain parliament has more power than the king

Stadholder

Dutch representative in parliament

Nobility

the group of people belonging to the noble class in a country, especially those with a hereditary or honorary title

Human reason

idea from Enlightenment that people have the ability to think through and find truth, lead to proper understandings

Age of Exploration

all nations go a search for. 'new' lands, hopes to gain power and wealth

Conquest of the Americas

after exploration many nations mainly Spain, England, France, begin to take over the Americas

The Scientific Revolution

1600s new ideas, brought about by Copernicus, inductive and deductive reasoning to prove why things are true and not just accept them as true.

The Enlightenment

1700s, applies scientific revolution thinking to society, religion, and government

Jethro Tull

inventor of seed drill

Maria Theresa of Austria

Hapsburg, absolute monarch, her coming to throne creates war of Austrian succession

Charles II of Spain

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Jonathan Edwards

leader of the great awakening (protestant revival), sermons in the hand of angry sinners

John Wesley

great awakening,

George Whitefield

great awakening

Count Nicolas Ludwig van Zinzendorf

responsible for Moravian actions (missionary minded European Protestants who went and preached gospel)

Open Field System

people would share designated portions of land for certain things, and then everyone has an individual strip to farm on

Enclosure Movement

less farming opportunity for peasants, made landowner richer, wealthy had a lot more land, peasants had to find different jobs in town, women have to start working, less farmers

Agricultural Revolution

enclosing fields, new technology for farming, science applied to farming, new crops from the new world

Seed Drill

invention during scientific revolution that made the planting of the seeds more consistent and thorough

Crop Rotation

rotating of crops for soil replenishment

Cottage Industry

manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds; final products sold in market

Putting-Out System

when a merchant provides raw materials to rural workers who finished the material and returned it to the merchant for payment

Taverns

males, dimly lit, alcohol

Blood Sports

common past time in urban 18th century Europe, cock fighting, bull baiting, fox hunting

Mercantilism

economic theory, as a mother country goal is to get as many possible exports

Trans-Atlantic trade

trade between Europe and Americas, tobacco, sugar, cotton

Trade with the Pacific and India

silk, spices, textiles, tropical rainforest products, Dutch and English

European colonies

new regions in European empires that are located in the new world, take resources from there and boost economy

Creoles

Spaniards that are born in Americas, mixed race children of Spanish in Americas,

Indentured servants

poor class in colonies, a person who signs and is bound by indentures to work for another for a specified time especially in return for payment of travel expenses and maintenance

Mulatto

mixed race colonial, European and African, viewed as black

Anglo-Indian (Kutcha-Butcha)

English and Indian children, in India, not treated well

Metis

French and native children, treated the best out of mixed-race folks

Orphanages

created and increase in orphanages due to more premarital sex

Infant/Maternal mortality

traditionally a problem in Europe, babies and mothers die as result in childbirth and early years of life, improves during 18th century, population begins to grow

Illegitimate children

children born outside the context of marriage, more common in Europe during 18th century, women do not have means to take care of child and poverty or abandoned children

Pietism

movement within European protestants, increasing Biblical knowledge, leads into great awakening

Moravians

missionary minded European Protestants who went and preached gospel

Baroque and Rococo Art

(B) style of art in Paris, (R) style of art in Rome

Processionals

Catholics, go on parades and have religious festivals to increase religious devotion

Pilgrimages

pilgrimages were undertaken by local parishes to inspire greater devotion and to provide a religious leisure activity, Pilgrimages to and veneration of holy sites and relics were common

War of Austrian Succession

Fought from 1740 to 1748, War was caused by those argued Maria Theresa (Hapsburg) of Austria could not inherit the lands of her father, France and Prussia hoped to use this as an opportunity to steal Hapsburg land for themselves, Around 6 related wars int

War of Spanish Succession

Fought from 1701-1714, Death of Charles II, Louis XIV leads French war effort while Queen Anne of Britain tries to stop him from extending Bourbon rule over Spain through his Grandson Philip V Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 (Philip V does become king of Spain)

Spain now under Bourbon control, but French payed a high cost England wins

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Seven Years War

Fought from 1756-1763, The largest of the 18th century war, fought across 5 continents, resulted in nearly a million European deaths, was the "first world war", France vs Britain vs Spain in North America and other colonies (the French and Indian War in A

The Great Awakening

Led by charismatic preachers like the Wesleys and George Whitefield, Christian believers are encouraged to make their faith personal and not just accept it because it was tradition to do so

Johannes Gutenberg

created the printing press and started printing revolution

Martin Luther

sparks reformation by challenging catholic church, was catholic monk

John Calvin

protestant reformation leader for Calvinist, predestination central belief

Machiavelli

Italian, political philosopher of Renaissance, wrote the Prince, way that you rule should be complete, don't owe anything to people but people owe you loyalty

Michelangelo

painted ceiling of Vatican that was patronaged by Pope Julius II, lived and did most work in Florence

The Medici Family

great banking family that was the major leading force in Florence, produced three popes

Erasmus

Greek, Christian Huguenots, one of first people to apply reason into religion, encourages people translate the new testament into vernacular (Greek), challenge church's hold on knowledge

Leonardo da Vinci

renaissance artist, painted Mona Lisa and the last supper

Raphael

painted himself in the school of Athens, Fresco artist