subsistence farming
farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced
Triangular Trade
colonial trade routes among Europe, its colonies in America and the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves
Middle Passage
the inhumane part of the triangular trade, where enslaved Africans were shipped to the West Indies
cash crop
farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family
supply and demand
the amount of a product available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.
diversity
variety or difference; as in characteristics of people
Tidewater
a region of flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast
backcountry
A colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains through the far western part of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.
plantation
a large estate run by an owner or manager and farmed by laborers who lived there, typically enslaved Africans
overseer
Plantation manager;
a person hired to manage slaves on a day-to-day basis
slave codes
strict rules governing the behavior and punishment of enslaved Africans
Glorious Revolution
in 1688 Parliament forced out King James and placed his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, on the throne; showed the power of the elected representatives over the monarch
English Bill of Rights
signed by William and Mary in 1689 guaranteeing certain basic rights to all citizens
mercantilism
the theory that a state's or nation's power depended on its wealth
export
to sell goods abroad; or a good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.
import
to buy goods from foreign markets; or a good or service brought in from another country
Navigation Acts
laws that directed the flow of goods between England and the Colonies; designed to carry out mercantilism, they heavily restricted colonial trade
smuggling
trading illegally with other nations
charter colony
colony established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle
proprietary colony
colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted
royal colony
colony run by a governor or council appointed by the king or queen
Great Awakening
religious revival from the 1720s through the 1740s in colonial America
apprentice
assistant who is assigned to learn the trade of a skilled craftsman
literacy
the ability to read and write
Enlightenment
movement that began in Europe and spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society
Iroquois Confederacy
a powerful alliance of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida
militia
a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies
Albany Plan of Union
Ben Franklin's plan for one general government of the American colonies
alliances
a close association of nations formed for protection and to advance common goals
French and Indian War
war between the British and the French and their Indian Allies on the western frontier of the American colonies; also fought in Europe and known as the Seven Years War.
Quebec
The capital of New France; it was attacked by the British in 1759
Pontiac's War
a series of raids led by Chief Pontiac where Native Americans killed settlers along the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers
Treaty of Paris
1763
this treaty gave the British control of Canada and most of the land east of the Mississippi River; Ended the Seven Years' War
speculator
person who risks money in order to make a large profit
Proclomation of 1763
King George III declared that the Appalachian Mountains were the temporary western boundary of the colonies