The Colonies Grow (Ch. 4)

subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Triangular Trade

colonial trade routes among Europe, its colonies in America and the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves

Middle Passage

the inhumane part of the triangular trade, where enslaved Africans were shipped to the West Indies

cash crop

farm crop grown to be sold or traded rather than used by the farm family

supply and demand

the amount of a product available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.

diversity

variety or difference; as in characteristics of people

Tidewater

a region of flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast

backcountry

A colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains through the far western part of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.

plantation

a large estate run by an owner or manager and farmed by laborers who lived there, typically enslaved Africans

overseer

Plantation manager;
a person hired to manage slaves on a day-to-day basis

slave codes

strict rules governing the behavior and punishment of enslaved Africans

Glorious Revolution

in 1688 Parliament forced out King James and placed his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, on the throne; showed the power of the elected representatives over the monarch

English Bill of Rights

signed by William and Mary in 1689 guaranteeing certain basic rights to all citizens

mercantilism

the theory that a state's or nation's power depended on its wealth

export

to sell goods abroad; or a good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.

import

to buy goods from foreign markets; or a good or service brought in from another country

Navigation Acts

laws that directed the flow of goods between England and the Colonies; designed to carry out mercantilism, they heavily restricted colonial trade

smuggling

trading illegally with other nations

charter colony

colony established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle

proprietary colony

colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted

royal colony

colony run by a governor or council appointed by the king or queen

Great Awakening

religious revival from the 1720s through the 1740s in colonial America

apprentice

assistant who is assigned to learn the trade of a skilled craftsman

literacy

the ability to read and write

Enlightenment

movement that began in Europe and spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society

Iroquois Confederacy

a powerful alliance of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida

militia

a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan for one general government of the American colonies

alliances

a close association of nations formed for protection and to advance common goals

French and Indian War

war between the British and the French and their Indian Allies on the western frontier of the American colonies; also fought in Europe and known as the Seven Years War.

Quebec

The capital of New France; it was attacked by the British in 1759

Pontiac's War

a series of raids led by Chief Pontiac where Native Americans killed settlers along the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers

Treaty of Paris

1763
this treaty gave the British control of Canada and most of the land east of the Mississippi River; Ended the Seven Years' War

speculator

person who risks money in order to make a large profit

Proclomation of 1763

King George III declared that the Appalachian Mountains were the temporary western boundary of the colonies