A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:
miscegenation.
Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:
racism
What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination?
Correct
white privilege
The way people actually look is the result of their genetic traits and the environment they live in. This is known as their:
phenotype
What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race?
hypodescent
Which term refers to laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery?
jim crow
The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:
fossilization
Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:
north and south america
Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:
cultural adaptations
A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a:
Incorrect
species
Gene migration is defined as:
exchange of genes between populations.
A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):
ethnicity
How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?
never
The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:
multiculturalism
What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?
nation
The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:
imagined community
The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:
assimilation
Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to:
promote gender equality and empower women.
By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:
girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.
Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:
is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.
Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:
masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.
Ida Susser's initial research focused on:
social change in Brooklyn (New York City).
Cross-cultural studies indicate that biology predicts:
the roles men and women play in a given culture.
More than 80 percent of victims of domestic violence in the United States:
are female
Which of the following does not factor into biological differences between men and women?
hair length
Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:
white European men.
Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?
a continuum of sexual behavior
Mati may engage in sexual relationships with:
men and women
________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are
Michel Foucault
DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?
Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.
Heterosexuality in the United States:
is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.
The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?
religious
The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:
women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.
Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:
five sexes, including intersexuals
In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence
women between the ages of 20 and 24
Gender ideology is defined as:
a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification
The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called
enculturation
Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:
engaged anthropology
Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying:
the underlying roots of universal male dominance.
Through the Zar Cult of Sudan, women:
resisted subordination by speaking out while in a trance state.
Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor women" in India are called:
hijras.
Studies of physical differences indicate that:
human male and female bodies are more similar than different.
The "wedding industry" is which of the following?
the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States
All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT:
work out unresolved childhood issues.
Which of the following is NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua?
to have a vacation
Which of the following does NOT fit in the definition of sexuality in the text?
the public display of wealth to gain community status
Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:
a manly man
________is a gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom's and bride's extended families in the success of the marriage.
bridewealth
Which of the following statements about kinship is true?
Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society.
Looking cross-culturally, anthropologists argue that:
definitions of marriage vary across cultures and over time.
Which of the following refers broadly to actions and/or policies that use imagined differences between human groups to justify unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities? Choose the single best answer.
racism
The belief that whites are genetically different from, and intellectually superior to, other races is known as ____________.
white supremecy
President Barack Obama has a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Kenya. His race is commonly described as African American, or black. This is most closely an example of which term from Chapter 6?
hypodescent
________________ laws seek to prevent interracial marriage.
Incorrect
miscegenation
Early European settlers to North America believed themselves to be intellectually superior to Native Americans, and thus destined to rule them. This is an example of ______________.
racial ideology
Which of the following is an example of nativism?
policies providing more social services to native-born citizens than to immigrants
Which of the following can be seen by the naked eye?
phenotype
Biologically, we can categorize humans based on which of the following?
all of the above (skin color, hair texture, earwax type)
Which of the following is an example of colonialism?
the control of one country over another
Eugenics is a pseudoscience that arose in the late 1800s and maintained popularity in the early 1900s. It was an attempt to "measure" attributes such as intelligence in a way that proved the superiority of some races over others. What event was an outcome
the holocaust
Middle Easterners" is a categorization that arose in popular American discourse after 9/11/2001. The creation of this categorization is known as _______________.
Correct
racialization
What percentage of DNA do all humans share in common?
99.9%
In which of the following areas do we see whiteness privileged in the United States?
all of the above (employment rate, criminal sentencing patterns, infant mortality, college enrollments)
The "invisible knapsack" refers to ________________.
a set of unearned advantages that white people retain in contemporary society
Which of the following are reasons why there is no biological basis for race?
all of these.. Racial categories existed in human societies before we had knowledge of genetics, and thus are based on cultural observation as opposed to genotypic reality.Because of rates of human interbreeding over the past 200,000 years, attempts to di
Since there is no biological basis for race, we can argue which of the following?
Race must be based on ideas and observations separate from biology.
Which of the following pairs demonstrate the smallest amount of genetic difference?
two humans
According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.
nannies
Rape of men and women was one of the most brutal and powerful ways that gender stratification was performed in:
the civil war of el salvador
Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:
mati
________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are
micheal foucault
Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011
race ; sexuality
Similar to membership in a family, citizenship in a nation-state derives mostly from:
birth and biology.
Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?
in vitro fertilization
Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?
arranged
Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?
the next generation
Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?
marriage
Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?
monogamy
Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals' lives:
outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.
Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:
exogamous
By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:
there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.
Which of the following are the two primary forms of gift exchange that formalize and legalize marriages, while establishing a relationship tie or alliance between kinship groups?
bridewealth and dowry
The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is:
a euro-american ideal
Which of the following cultures has generally NOT constructed large social networks based on descent and kinship connections?
united states
The form of reproductive technology that involves the creation of genetically identical copies of cells or whole organisms is called:
cloning
Kinship includes:
biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.
Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?
arranged
Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?
ambilineal
Individuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed:
enculturation
Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:
cognatic descent groups.
Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:
is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.
The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:
either male or female
During the El Salvador civil war (1977-1992), the group Co-Madres emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of:
mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing.
An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:
stratification
In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:
masu harka.
Masu harka and yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:
compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith.
All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT
work out unresolved childhood issues
Which of the following commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and shared legal rights to property and in
marriage
The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:
between parents children and siblings
Which of the following statements about marriage is true?
Marriage occurs in every culture in some form, but its exact characteristics vary widely.
A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?
father's
Cousins who are children of a mother's brother or father's sister are considered which type of cousins?
cross-cousins
Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the union of one man to two or more women?
polygyny
One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:
descent
Early anthropologists considered which of the following groups as key to understanding each culture's economic, political, and religious dynamics?
descent groups
Which of the following forms of reproductive technologies involves a woman whose uterus has been implanted with a fertilized egg in which the egg has come from another woman?
surrogacy
When did life on Earth emerge?
3.5 billion years ago
If we imagine that each second represents one year, how long would it take us to count 4.5 billion seconds, representing the origin of Earth?
over 139 years
The remains of an organism that have been preserved through a natural chemical process that turns them partially or wholly into rock" (page 158) is known as which of the following?
fossilization
Ernie studies rates of DNA mutations in order to determine the evolutionary history of specific organisms. Which of the following best describes his job title?
paleogeneticists
How old is the planet itself?
4.6 billion years old
deep time
an enormous timescale with which geologists and scholars of evolution must deal.
homo sapiens first emerged as a separate species
between 100 and 200 thousand years ago
The earliest identifiable human ancestor appeared
between 7 and 6 million years ago.
the earliest primates occurred between
65 and 55 million years ago
A deviation from the standard DNA code results in a squirrel being born with a longer, flatter tail that provides greater stability for climbing trees. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this example?
mutation
Individuals within a species of bird can have two possible types of head plumage: dull gray or bright red. A new predator moves into the birds? habitat, and finds it easier to spot and kill birds with the bright head plumage. A greater percentage of birds
natural selection
Eric, who lives in Ohio, falls madly in love with Eva, who lives in Nairobi, Kenya. Eric moves to Kenya, marries Eva, has two kids, and lives happily ever after. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes the influence Eric?s genes have
gene migration
Citizens of Anytown wake up one morning to find their entire town encased in a large dome. They can still grow food, access water, and do all of the things that they need to do to survive, but their dating pool becomes newly restricted to only those insid
genetic drift
Numerous fossil discoveries in the Awash River Valley have led the location to become known as the place "where it all began." In what country is this area located?
ethiopia
The argument that that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced archaic Homo sapiens is known as:
the out of africa theory
__________ helps us achieve the proper amount of UV radiation, which is essential for the synthesis of __________, which we need to help us absorb __________.
A.vitamin D, melanin, calcium
melanin, vitamin D, calcium
Which of the following is the pigment that gives our skin color?
melanin
Physical evidence of human ancestors (and other forms of prehistoric life)
comes primarily from the fossil record.
Fossils consist of the remains of once-living organisms that have been preserved through
through a natural process whereby the organic tissue is replaced with minerals from the surrounding environment
Only a small fraction of living organisms
become fossilized
conditions that lead to fossilization
are rare and often not the whole creature becomes fossilized
larger and denser bones of the body
are more often found to be fossilized such as teeth, skulls, long bones, and pelvises
soft tissue, ribs, and bones of the hand
are not fossilized as often as denser parts of the body because these bones are too small and fragile to withstand the fossilization process
mtDNA is found only in your
mitochondria
four principle forces of evolution
mutation, natural selection, gene drift, gene flow
genus homo's four principle traits
bipedalism, expanded brain complexity, global migration
global migration
Human beings, largely through their use of culture (particularly material culture) have expanded to all corners of the globe. No other species has been able to do that
what has made modern human successful at survival?
genetic adaption, developmental adaption, acclimization, cultural adaptation
lack of vitamin D can lead to
rickets in children and other diseases in adults, all of which can be fatal.
Over exposure to UV light
destroys folic acid, which is particularly important during fetal development
wealth =
income + asset -debt
The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:
During the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA
Inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access to resources, coupled with poor health
Structured gender violence
________ are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual.
weddings
In the gender-based violence against nonheterosexuals, ________ are especially vulnerable.
transgenders
Through the 1960s, the American Academy of Pediatrics attempted to manage the
Hormone therapy, surgery, and counseling
Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is true?
Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity
Victims of gender-based violence are most likely to be assaulted:
in a residence
On average, human men weight ________ more than women.
15%
Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:
Ethnocartography of human sexuality
Anthropologist Patty Kelly found that men who visited the brothel in Chiapas were mostly:
local working class men
Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?
a christian dating forum
The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:
two-spirits
The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called:
cultural constructions
The discussion of machismo in Latin America in the text indicates that:
Conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting
Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of _____ and _____most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011).
race; sexuality
Nigerians do not regard homosexuality as:
an authentically african lifestyle
Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family?
matrilineal
Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?
globalization
Discussions regarding same-sex marriage in the United States are a clear example of changing patterns of:
kinship
Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are cultural:
constructs
Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother's side) or the other (the father's side), which reflects which type of descent?
unilineal
Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and father?
ambilineal
Most people in the world practice which type of descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership?
patrilineal
First cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) are legally prohibited:
in some states in the united states of america
Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States via "blood" relations are generally called which of the following types of relatives?
consanguineal
Which of the following is considered a general rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives?
incest taboo
The Defense of Marriage Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 2004 forbids the federal government from recognizing which of the following?
same-sex marriages
Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders?
kinship and family
The incest taboo-rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents is:
universal across all culture in the world
Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and cloning are four forms of which of the following types of technologies?
reproductive
The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called:
serial monogamy