Denotative Meaning
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
Connotative Meaning
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Thesaurus
A book of synonyms
Concrete Words
Words that refer to tangible objects
Abstract Words
Words that refer to ideas or concepts
Clutter
Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
Imagery
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
Simile
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
Cliche
A trite or overused expression
Metaphor
An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
Parallelism
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
Repetition
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
Alliteration
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
Inclusive Language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
Generic "He
The use of "he" to refer to both women and men
Ways to ensure there is no chance of misunderstanding
1. Use familiar words
2. Choose concrete words over abstract words
3. Eliminate verbal clutter
Ways to generate imagery
1. Using concrete words
2. Using similes
3. Using metaphors
What are the basic stylistic devices that improve the rhythm of the speech?
1. Parallelism
2. Repetition
3. Alliteration
4. Antithesis
Considerations for using language appropriately
1. Appropriateness to the occasion
2. Appropriateness to the audience
3. Appropriateness to the topic
4. Appropriateness to the speaker
Appropriateness to the occasion
Should you use formal or informal language
Appropriateness to the audience
1. Avoid offensive language in formal speeches
2. Consider intellectual level of audience- do you need to use simpler vocabulary and explanations?
Appropriateness to the topic
1. Use straightforward description for explanations
2. Use special language skills (metaphors, etc.) to evoke emotion, admiration, and appreciation
Appropriateness to the speaker
Every public speaker develops his/her own language style
Guidelines for inclusive language
1. Avoid the generic "he"
2. Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women
3. Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
4. Use names that groups use to identify themselves