Apneustic
pons, sends signals via DRG, prolonged inhalation- holding breath
Pneumotaxic
pons, consistent inhibitory signals to DRG
DRG
back of medulla, "pacesetter", excites diaphragm
VRG
front of medulla, forced expiration- blowing out candles
Apnea
paused/ inhibited breathing
Hypoxia
inadequate delivery of oxygen to tissues
Factors influencing RR and depth
hypothalami control (hormones)-emotions, cerebral cortex (voluntary brain action), Environmental (smoke, particles), CHEMICAL (Ph of blood, PO2 in blood-sensors- PCO2 - most sensitive)
Dalton's law
total air pressure is the sum of all the individual pressures of each gas
Boyle's law
As volume increases, pressure decreases (lung pressure goes down when diaphragm contracts)
Inhale
Diaphragm pulls down (contracts) so lungs have larger volume, pressure is lower than outside lungs and air rushes in
Exhale
Diaphragm relaxes, ab muscles and intercostal muscles help squeeze volume of lungs down forcing a higher pressure and air to be expired
Tidal volume
500ml per breath (men and women)
ERV
forcible exhale
IRV
forcible inhale
Residual volume (RV)
air always in lungs/trachea, 150 ml
Vital capacity
Nitrogen in body does what for breathing?
NOTHING!
Air
78& Nitrogen, Oxygen 20.8%
Air pressure does what at altitude?
Decrease in pressure
Air %'s do what at altitude?
Stay the same
Air pressure
760 mmHg (sea level). The amount of force exerted by the mass of air- from ALL directions
Gas exchange occurs in _________
alveoli
PCO2 in atmoshpere
.3 mmHg