Cross cousin
the child of one's parent's sibling of the opposite sex
parallel cousins
The children of a parent's same-sex siblings (mother's sisters, father's brothers).
Exogamy
rules specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group
Endogamy
Rules that marriage must be within a particular group
Homogamy
Marriage between 2 people with similar background, social status, aspirations, and interests
Levirate
A man marries the widow of his deceased brother
Ghost Marriage
a Nuer widow marries her dead husbands brother, the kids are considered the children of the dead husband
Sororate
When a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife.
Polygamy
A rule allowing more than one spouse
Polyandry
a woman may have multiple husbands
Patrifocality
associated with polygamy and male prestige
matrifocality
associated with Polyandry
Three kinds of marital exchange
Bride service (higher status women)
Bridewealth (higher status women)
Dowry (lower status women)
bride service
the husband must work for a specified period of time for his wife's family in exchange for his marital rights ;occurs mainly in egalitarian foraging societies
Bridewealth
Cash or goods are given by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to seal a marriage; done as a way to recompensate bride's family for the loss of her labor
Dowry
In some cases ot represents a woman's share of her family's inheritance
In others, it is payment from the grooms family to the brides family in which case its associated with the low status of women
Neolocal residence
A couple establishes an independent household after marriage
Patrilocal/virilocal residence
a woman lives with her husbands family after marriage
Matrilocal/uxorilocal
a man lives with his wives family after marriage
Avunculocal Resisdence
a married couple is expected to live with the husband's mother's brother
bilocal residence
a couple can choose between living with either spouse's family. very adaptively flexible
Inis Beag Society
-absence of foreplay
-sexual activity weakens men
-absence of premarital sex and instruction before marriage
-high percentage of celibate males
-late age of marriage
the Etoro (Sambia)
-adolescent males give oral sex to adult males in order to receive semen
-believe heterosexual sex drains life force of men
-must "charge up" on male life force (semen) as boys to withstand sex as adults
Gender roles
tasks & activities assigned to the sexes
Recurrent Gender Patterns
Expressed & reinforced through religious beliefs & practices, language, political & economic structures, & social interactions
Private/Public Dichotomy
gender system in which women's status is lowered by their cultural identification with the home and children
Foragers
male control over meat distribution is a source of greater prestige
Horticulturalists
men clear the forest for gardens and thus control the allocation of land
Pastoralists
men gain higher status by herding livestock, trading, and engaging in intertribal raiding
Agriculturalists
men gain higher status by herding and/or working the fields, trading, and engaging in warfare
matrifocal societies
male travel & external warfare combined with prominent female economic role reduced gender stratification
Patrifocal societies
tied to pressure on resources and increased local warfare; increases male prestige and results in higher gender stratification
Foraging Societies
least gender stratification; hierarchy is least marked, competition/aggression is discouraged, and the spheres of men and women overlap the most
horticultural society
high degree of segregation between the sexes
pastoral & agricultural societies
tend to be more male dominated
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