What is the most abundant carb?
glucose
What is type 2 diabetes characterized by?
cells dont respond to insulin because antibodies attack and kill beta cells
what is type 1 diabetes characterized by?
pancreas doesn't produce insulin
RDA for carbs
130 g per day
What are simple carbohydrates and give examples?
AKA sugars- contain one (monosaccharides) or two molecules (disaccharides)
What are the different types of monosaccharides?
1. fructose
2. glucose
3. galactose
4. Ribose (prod. by the body)
What are the different disaccharides?
1. lactose
2. maltose
3. sucrose
What are complex carbs and give examples?
contain hundrends to thousands of molecules oligosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides) and polysaccharides (hundreds to thousands)
what are the non-digestible parts of plants?
dietary fibers
What are the non-digestible forms of carbs extracted from plants or created in labs that have health benefits?
functional fibers
What is the AI for fiber for men and women?
25 g per women 38 g per day men
what is the purpose of the brush boarder in carb digestion?
convers disaccharids to monosaccharides as it travels to enterocytes
What transports glucose/galactose on the apical border?
symport with sodium on SGLT
What transports fructose on apical border
GLUT5
What transports all monosaccharides on the basal border?
GLUT2
How are carbs stored in the body?
fructose and galactose are converted to glucose in the liver--as liver glycogen (maintain blood glucose and support brain, spinal cord, & RBC) or muscle glycogen (used during exercise)
What is the first process in carb digestion?
in the mouth with salivary amylase that begins starch digestion breaking it down into malts
Where does the majority of carb digestion occur and how?
in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase that digest remaining starch
what is the functional difference between soluble fiber and insoluble fiber?
soluble slows digestion so you feel fuller longer and insoluble aids in motility and prevents constipation
What are the complex carbs?
starch, glycogen, and fiber
what two monosaccharides combine to form lactose and what kind of bond is this?
glucose and galactose- beta bond
what two monosaccharides combine to form maltose and what kind of bond do they form?
glucose and glucose- alpha bond
what two monosaccharides combine to form sucrose and what kind of bond do they form?
glucose and fructose- alpha
How is fiber digested?
we do not have the necessary enzymes to digest--bacteria in the large intestine can ferment or they are excreted in the feces
What are the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels?
insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, GH
What secretes insulin?
beta cells of the pancreas
What is the function of insulin?
stimulates glucose transports to help move glucose from the blood across the cell membranes and stimulates the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
What secretes glucagon?
alpha cells of the pancreas
What is the purpose of glucagon hormone
stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose assists in the breakdown of body proteins for gluconeogenisis
Where is epinephrine and noerepi secreted?
adrenal glands and nerve endings
What is epinephrin and norepinephrin's role in glucose regulation?
increase glycogen breakdown in the liver increase gluconeogenisis and reinforce glucagon effects
Where are cortisol and growth hormone secreted by?
adrenal glands
What is the function of cortisol in glucose regulation
increases gluconeogenisis and decreases glucose used by muscles and organs
what is the function of growth hormone in glucose regulation?
decreases muscle glucose uptake and increases fatty acid mobilization and use and increases liver glucose output
What is a food's potential to raise blood glucose called
its glycemic index- if high causes surge in blood glucose it low causes low to moderate fluctuations
what is the rDA for glucose
130 grams per day
What are foods in which nutrients that were lost during processing that have been added back so the food meets a specified standard?
enriched food
what are foods that have nutrients added that did not originally exist into food called?
fortified foods
what is high blood glucose called?
hyperglycemia
pancreas secretes too much insulin after a high-carbohydrate meal
reactive hypoglycemia
pancreas produces too much insulin, even when someone has not eaten
fasting hypoglycemia