what tissues contribute to the four components of semen
- testes and epididymis
- seminal vessels
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
spermatozoa make up _____ of semen volume
5%
spermatozoa mature and are stored in the
epididymis
seminal vessels produce _____ of semen volume
60-70%
what do seminal vessels provide for sperm metabolism and motility
fructose
prostate gland produces _____ of semen volume
20-30%
prostate gland produces an acidic fluid that contains
-
acid phosphatase
- citric acid
- zinc
- proteolytic enzymes
what is responsible for propelling sperm through the urethra
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands produce _____ of semen volume
5%
bulbourethral glands produce a thick, _____ fluid
alkaline
(neutralizes acid from prostate gland)
majority of spermatozoa is in _____ part of ejaculate
first
semen specimens should be collected after how many days of abstinence
2-3 days
no longer than 5
if a semen sample is collected at home, it should be delivered to the lab within _____ and kept at what temperature
1 hour
kept at warm temperature
to ensure proper collection/delivery times, the time of ____ and time of _____ should be recorded
collection
receipt
clotted specimen should liquify in
30-60 minutes
how many samples should be collected to confirm fertility testing
2-3 samples collected two weeks apart
what general categories are reported during semen pysical and chemical examination
- appearance
- volume
- viscosity
- pH
- sperm concentration/count
- motility
- morphology
what does a red color indicate
blood cells (abnormal)
what does a yellow color indicate
- urine
- prolonged abstinence
- medications
can spermatozoa survive in urine
no, urine is toxic to sperm (no motility)
normal pH range for semen
7.2 - 8.0
increased/decreased pH suggests
over 8.0 indicates infection
acidic pH indicates increased prostate fluid
proper motility is indicated by sperm with _____ movement
forward and progressive
grading scale for sperm motility
- 0: no movement
- 1: no forward progression
-
2: slow forward movement, lateral
- 3: slower speed, lateral
- 4: rapid straight line motility
in a normal sample, what percent of sperm are rated with a 2 for motility
50%
what parts of the sperm are evaluated for morphology
- head
- neck
- mid-piece
- tail
sperm head contains enzymes for
ovum penetration
how many sperm are counted before reporting the number of abnormal
200
immature sperm are known as
spermatids
calculation of round cells is accomplished by counting the number of _____ seen in conjunction with 100 mature sperm
spermatids
or leukocytes
low sperm concentration may be caused by
low fructose
stain for sperm viability
eosin-nigrosin stain
- dead cells: red
- normal cells: blue-white
number of cells counted for sperm viability
100
anti-sperm antibodies are present in
men and women
anti-sperm antibodies are usually seen in males with
-
vasectomy reversal
- surgery
- trauma
female anti-sperm antibodies are created due to
damaged sperm
female anti-sperm antibodies can be a cause of
low fertility
post-vasectomy analysis begins after _____ and will continue for _____ to ensure all samples are negative
2 months
2 months
the only concern during post-vasectomy analysis
presence of sperm
_____ sperm is required for fertilization
one