Greece
huge influence on western world: science, art, drama, poetry, architecture
Democracy
rule by the people
Who were the first to have a democratic government?
greeks
Monarchy
rule by one, king
Aristocracy
rule by an elite, small, ruling class with membership determined by birth
Oligarchy
rule by an elite, small group determined by wealth
Tyranny
gaining power through extra legal means (working the system, using loop holes)
Hellas
greek word for Greece
Greece land
dry, infertile, rocky, mountainous
Mountainous area led to...
poor communication, isolation, independent cities, war
Barbaros
non greeks, as referred to by greeks
Polis
main form of government, city-states
Greece's first civilizations
Minoans & Mycenaeans
Minoans
-on the island of Crete
-written language couldn't be figured out
-alphabet with linear A
-first to have indoor plumbing
-non war like weapons
Minoan civilization
-advanced, peaceful, prosperous
-worshipped many gods and one mother god
Minoan women
-held high positions
-did same things as men
-equal to men
Minoan downfall
weakened by volcanic eruption, then invaded by Mycenaeans, culture disappeared
Mycenaeans
-on greece mainland
-written language figured out
-warlike
-one main god: god of the sky
Mycenaean downfall
destroyed from wars amongst themselves & disappeared
Dark Ages
a time when Greece had no functioning civilizations
Agora
town square" with government buildings, where political events took place
Acropolis
where religious ceremonies, plays, and artistic events took place
Sparta & Athens
-two leading cities of Greece
-completely opposite
-both develop a government due to a crisis
Sparta
-one of the first totalitarian systems
-boys sent to military school at age 12
-prided themselves on toughness
-mostly grunted
-strongest military in the east
-economically backwards
Sparta's crisis
began outgrowing their resources due to a growing population
What land did Sparta conquer?
Messenia
Helots
the people that Sparta conquered and were forced to work on behalf of Sparta, but they outnumbered Sparta and revolted for 30 years
Sparta's focus
Maintaining a strong army
Spartan women
-same toughness as the men
-much more independence because men were always gone
-strong women gave birth to strong sons
Spartan children
if defected, left to die in an effort to save resources
Spartan code
Come back with your shield or on it
Athens
-oppressive to lower class
-later became a trade society and commercial merchant society
-later became wealthy
-later became most intellectually advanced city in Greece
Athens crisis
being ruled over by wealthy aristocrats who rued in their own interests
Draco
-issued first official legal code
-harsh towards common people
-Draconian (harsh)
Athen's first official legal code
The Code Written in Blood -- Draco
-called for death as a result of minor crimes
-enslaved if couldn't pay debt
Solon
-given complete control for one year (dictatorship)
-trusted by many
Solon's reforms
-freed those enslaved by debt
-returned them to the land for a chance to be self supporting & repay debt
-put a limit on the size of land able to own
Solon's biggest reform
convinced landowners to stop attempting to be self-sufficient and focus on trade (produce and export olives & olive oil)
Cleisthenes
-ran the first democratic government
-created Ecclesia & Boule
-divided the population up into 10 diverse tribes in hopes to unify
Ecclesia
-an assembly of all citizens
-became the lawmaking body
Boule or Council of 500
-an administrative assembly that handled finances, made sure laws were carried out, and prepared bills
-limited terms
-random selection
How often were new bills sent to the Ecclesia for voting?
every 10 days
Ostracism
-Each year Athens voted on someone who they felt to be a danger to the polis, if enough votes on one person then exiled from Athens for 10 years
-abused by those running for authority
Participatory Democracy
only free male Athenian adults were considered citizens of Athens
Where did the 1st Persian War start?
Ionia
Ionian Greeks
greek cities living in Persian empire
1st Persian War
-greek cities revolted against Persia and declared independence
-called upon Athens who sent a fleet of ships, attracting attention
-Darius overthrows Athens government and put someone friendly to Persia in charge
Darius I
-Persian king
-launched an expedition against Athens with about 20,000 soldiers
First battle of the Persian Wars
Battle of Marathon
Battle of Marathon
-Athenians made defense in Marathon
-knew area better
-better military strategies
-Persian army withdraws
-Athens won
Athens military strategy
-moved together in one big square
-shield on right, weapon on left
Xerxes
-new Persian king
-launches own invasion with plans to add Greece to Persian empire
Battle of Thermopylae
-Greeks came together
-Sparta (army) and Athens (trade) were leaders
-Spartans made defense at Thermopylae
-Spartans fought Persians off for 3 days
-Persians came in and won
How did Persia win the Battle of Thermopylae?
-a Greek informer told Persians how to come up from behind
-Spartans told allies to leave and inform the Athenians then prepared themselves for burial
Battle of Salamis
-naval battle
-Athenians evacuated Athens and went to sea
-Athens outnumbered, but better ships and knowledge of area
-Greeks more motivated than Persians
-Xerxes withdrew from Greece worried about supply lines due to depletion of his navy
Battle of Plataea
-Spartan led army defeated Persians in the very last battle
-Persians withdrew
Aftermath of Persian wars
Greeks feel good about win, but with no common enemy to unify them, they revert back to conflict amongst themselves (Athens to blame)
Delian League
-Athens thought Persia would come back
-military alliance to protect from another invasion
-costing resources and money, no use for it
-brings more cities in instead of disbanding
-keeps cities in by force if they try to leave
-cities that didn't want to
Pericles
pretty much created the Delian League
-leader of Athens
Peloponnesian War
War between Sparta and Athens
-lasts almost 30 years
-involved much of Greece
-Sparta destroyed Athens agriculture
-Pericles died
-Athens surrenders
Final battle of Peloponnesian War
Spartan Navy defeated the Athenian Navy
-Spartan Navy funded by Persian money
-Greece declines with Sparta in power
Phillip II
-new King, considered himself Greek
-wants to save the decline
-wants Macedonians and Greeks to fight together against Persia
-ready to invade Persia when stabbed to death by a member of his court
Battle of Chaeronea
Phillip II invaded Greece with his Macedonian army, defeats them an imposes his rule
Alexander the Great
-Phillip II's son
-groomed for the job
-conquered all the way from Turkey into India down into Egypt
-natural leader & motivator
-led from the front
-saw himself as son of Zeus and asked to be treated as a god
-killed best friend while angry
-died at age
Alexander's empire wad split into three different areas after his death
-Antigonid: west (Greece & Macedonia)
-Seleucid: persia
-Ptolomaic: egypt
Lingua franca
commonly understood language among people of different languages (Koine: specific type of greek)
Philosophy
-greeks
-natural science, meaning of life, meaning of wisdom
-everything worked according to law, just a matter of figuring out what that law was
Thales
Father of philosophy
-asked question then came up with answer
-basic substance of everything? water.
Democritus
said the basic building block is an atom
Pythagoras
mathematician
-pythagorean theorem
-everything worked according to numerical relationship
Presocratic
before Socrates
Socrates
-Athenian
-rejected wealth an material possessions
-lived voluntary life of poverty
-questioned peoples answers rather than giving answers
-questioned everything including gods which led to being viewed as immoral
-accused of blasphemy against Athens god
Socratic method
teaching by questioning
Plato
-student of Socrates
-own school of philosophy
-Ideal Form
-big influence on Christianity
-The Republic
Plato's Ideal Form
-the physical world is not true reality because its not permanent
-true reality exists in the spiritual realm
-every human has an immortal soul that makes contact with the higher realm
The Republic by Plato
-what would be the perfect government/society
-more like Sparta
-3 classes: Rulers/Guardians, Warriors, & Workers
-families lived and ate together
-best men & women should produce babies
-equality among men and women
-ideal vision, but not realistic on Ea
Aristotle
-Plato's student but did not agree with Plato's ideas of the ideal form
-biggest impact on the modern world
-knowledge comes from observation of the real physical world
-investigation and reason are the way to find real truth
-huge range of interests, has
Greece
huge influence on western world: science, art, drama, poetry, architecture
Democracy
rule by the people
Who were the first to have a democratic government?
greeks
Monarchy
rule by one, king
Aristocracy
rule by an elite, small, ruling class with membership determined by birth
Oligarchy
rule by an elite, small group determined by wealth
Tyranny
gaining power through extra legal means (working the system, using loop holes)
Hellas
greek word for Greece
Greece land
dry, infertile, rocky, mountainous
Mountainous area led to...
poor communication, isolation, independent cities, war
Barbaros
non greeks, as referred to by greeks
Polis
main form of government, city-states
Greece's first civilizations
Minoans & Mycenaeans
Minoans
-on the island of Crete
-written language couldn't be figured out
-alphabet with linear A
-first to have indoor plumbing
-non war like weapons
Minoan civilization
-advanced, peaceful, prosperous
-worshipped many gods and one mother god
Minoan women
-held high positions
-did same things as men
-equal to men
Minoan downfall
weakened by volcanic eruption, then invaded by Mycenaeans, culture disappeared
Mycenaeans
-on greece mainland
-written language figured out
-warlike
-one main god: god of the sky
Mycenaean downfall
destroyed from wars amongst themselves & disappeared
Dark Ages
a time when Greece had no functioning civilizations
Agora
town square" with government buildings, where political events took place
Acropolis
where religious ceremonies, plays, and artistic events took place
Sparta & Athens
-two leading cities of Greece
-completely opposite
-both develop a government due to a crisis
Sparta
-one of the first totalitarian systems
-boys sent to military school at age 12
-prided themselves on toughness
-mostly grunted
-strongest military in the east
-economically backwards
Sparta's crisis
began outgrowing their resources due to a growing population
What land did Sparta conquer?
Messenia
Helots
the people that Sparta conquered and were forced to work on behalf of Sparta, but they outnumbered Sparta and revolted for 30 years
Sparta's focus
Maintaining a strong army
Spartan women
-same toughness as the men
-much more independence because men were always gone
-strong women gave birth to strong sons
Spartan children
if defected, left to die in an effort to save resources
Spartan code
Come back with your shield or on it
Athens
-oppressive to lower class
-later became a trade society and commercial merchant society
-later became wealthy
-later became most intellectually advanced city in Greece
Athens crisis
being ruled over by wealthy aristocrats who rued in their own interests
Draco
-issued first official legal code
-harsh towards common people
-Draconian (harsh)
Athen's first official legal code
The Code Written in Blood -- Draco
-called for death as a result of minor crimes
-enslaved if couldn't pay debt
Solon
-given complete control for one year (dictatorship)
-trusted by many
Solon's reforms
-freed those enslaved by debt
-returned them to the land for a chance to be self supporting & repay debt
-put a limit on the size of land able to own
Solon's biggest reform
convinced landowners to stop attempting to be self-sufficient and focus on trade (produce and export olives & olive oil)
Cleisthenes
-ran the first democratic government
-created Ecclesia & Boule
-divided the population up into 10 diverse tribes in hopes to unify
Ecclesia
-an assembly of all citizens
-became the lawmaking body
Boule or Council of 500
-an administrative assembly that handled finances, made sure laws were carried out, and prepared bills
-limited terms
-random selection
How often were new bills sent to the Ecclesia for voting?
every 10 days
Ostracism
-Each year Athens voted on someone who they felt to be a danger to the polis, if enough votes on one person then exiled from Athens for 10 years
-abused by those running for authority
Participatory Democracy
only free male Athenian adults were considered citizens of Athens
Where did the 1st Persian War start?
Ionia
Ionian Greeks
greek cities living in Persian empire
1st Persian War
-greek cities revolted against Persia and declared independence
-called upon Athens who sent a fleet of ships, attracting attention
-Darius overthrows Athens government and put someone friendly to Persia in charge
Darius I
-Persian king
-launched an expedition against Athens with about 20,000 soldiers
First battle of the Persian Wars
Battle of Marathon
Battle of Marathon
-Athenians made defense in Marathon
-knew area better
-better military strategies
-Persian army withdraws
-Athens won
Athens military strategy
-moved together in one big square
-shield on right, weapon on left
Xerxes
-new Persian king
-launches own invasion with plans to add Greece to Persian empire
Battle of Thermopylae
-Greeks came together
-Sparta (army) and Athens (trade) were leaders
-Spartans made defense at Thermopylae
-Spartans fought Persians off for 3 days
-Persians came in and won
How did Persia win the Battle of Thermopylae?
-a Greek informer told Persians how to come up from behind
-Spartans told allies to leave and inform the Athenians then prepared themselves for burial
Battle of Salamis
-naval battle
-Athenians evacuated Athens and went to sea
-Athens outnumbered, but better ships and knowledge of area
-Greeks more motivated than Persians
-Xerxes withdrew from Greece worried about supply lines due to depletion of his navy
Battle of Plataea
-Spartan led army defeated Persians in the very last battle
-Persians withdrew
Aftermath of Persian wars
Greeks feel good about win, but with no common enemy to unify them, they revert back to conflict amongst themselves (Athens to blame)
Delian League
-Athens thought Persia would come back
-military alliance to protect from another invasion
-costing resources and money, no use for it
-brings more cities in instead of disbanding
-keeps cities in by force if they try to leave
-cities that didn't want to
Pericles
pretty much created the Delian League
-leader of Athens
Peloponnesian War
War between Sparta and Athens
-lasts almost 30 years
-involved much of Greece
-Sparta destroyed Athens agriculture
-Pericles died
-Athens surrenders
Final battle of Peloponnesian War
Spartan Navy defeated the Athenian Navy
-Spartan Navy funded by Persian money
-Greece declines with Sparta in power
Phillip II
-new King, considered himself Greek
-wants to save the decline
-wants Macedonians and Greeks to fight together against Persia
-ready to invade Persia when stabbed to death by a member of his court
Battle of Chaeronea
Phillip II invaded Greece with his Macedonian army, defeats them an imposes his rule
Alexander the Great
-Phillip II's son
-groomed for the job
-conquered all the way from Turkey into India down into Egypt
-natural leader & motivator
-led from the front
-saw himself as son of Zeus and asked to be treated as a god
-killed best friend while angry
-died at age
Alexander's empire wad split into three different areas after his death
-Antigonid: west (Greece & Macedonia)
-Seleucid: persia
-Ptolomaic: egypt
Lingua franca
commonly understood language among people of different languages (Koine: specific type of greek)
Philosophy
-greeks
-natural science, meaning of life, meaning of wisdom
-everything worked according to law, just a matter of figuring out what that law was
Thales
Father of philosophy
-asked question then came up with answer
-basic substance of everything? water.
Democritus
said the basic building block is an atom
Pythagoras
mathematician
-pythagorean theorem
-everything worked according to numerical relationship
Presocratic
before Socrates
Socrates
-Athenian
-rejected wealth an material possessions
-lived voluntary life of poverty
-questioned peoples answers rather than giving answers
-questioned everything including gods which led to being viewed as immoral
-accused of blasphemy against Athens god
Socratic method
teaching by questioning
Plato
-student of Socrates
-own school of philosophy
-Ideal Form
-big influence on Christianity
-The Republic
Plato's Ideal Form
-the physical world is not true reality because its not permanent
-true reality exists in the spiritual realm
-every human has an immortal soul that makes contact with the higher realm
The Republic by Plato
-what would be the perfect government/society
-more like Sparta
-3 classes: Rulers/Guardians, Warriors, & Workers
-families lived and ate together
-best men & women should produce babies
-equality among men and women
-ideal vision, but not realistic on Ea
Aristotle
-Plato's student but did not agree with Plato's ideas of the ideal form
-biggest impact on the modern world
-knowledge comes from observation of the real physical world
-investigation and reason are the way to find real truth
-huge range of interests, has