Fo differences between men and women are due to the dimensions of the ______ _______
vocal folds
Women have _____ vocal folds with _____mass which causes them to vibrate _____ at a_______ frequency and a ______pitch.
shorter/less/faster/higher/higher
Power differences between men and women are due to the ________ of _______
amplitude/vibration
What does open quotient mean?
the vocal folds are open longer during each glottal cycle
Women's vocal folds stay open _____ than closed, meaning that women's vocal folds are ______ longer from cycle to cycle then men's.
longer/apart
What reflects a difference in spectral tilt between men's and women's speech?
The amplitude of the first harmonic (H1) relative to that of the third formant (F3) is almost 10dB lower for males than females
Females then to have more spectral energy in the ______frequencies
higher
Why do women have more spectral energy in the higher frequencies than men?
difference in spectral tilt
Why are tracheal resonances a contributing factor as to why women's speech sounds different than men's?
The sound resonants differently between men and women due to different sizes of trachea (vocal tract)
Men's voices have a _____ amplitude because they are louder.
higher
Men's vocal folds see to move _____ from one another more than women's.
apart
In general, female vowels are associated with a ____Fo, ______ formant frequencies, ______formant amplitudes, ______ bandwidths and a ________ spectral slope.
higher/higher/lower/wider/steeper
Because women have a higher Fo, their spectral harmonics are more ______ spaced.
widely
Due to having a higher Fo which results in more widely spaced spectral harmonics, it makes it more difficult to determine _______ ________ for women's voices
formant locations
Because of the greater harmonic spacing, it is helpful to ______ the bandwidth for acoustic analysis women's speech.
increase
If you increase the bandwidth, you ____ the number of points in a FFT.
decrease
What is one acoustic correlate of breathiness in women's voices?
the amplitude of H1 relative to the amplitude of H2 is about 6dB stronger for women then for men.
Women are 4 times as likely as men to have a posterior glottal ______ during the closed period of the cycle
chink
When comparing the amplitude of H1 to the amplitude of H2 on 2 different spectrums (one male and one female), what should it look like?
the lines for H1 and H2 should be higher on the female spectrum than the male spectrum
As children grow, both Fo and formants _____ with age (for males and females).
lower
What are 2 reasons why Fo and formants lower as children grow?
1) The changing shape and length of the vocal tract 2) mass of the vocal folds
Children's formants are _____ than adults and Fo is higher due to ______ vocal tract
higher/small
The larger the vocal tract the _______ the formants will be
lower
The most dramatic change (lowering of Fo and formants) occurs at _______
puberty
Besides lowering of Fo and formants, what are 2 other changes that occur in children's speech?
1) productions become faster and more reliable 2) nasalization is reduced