levels of organization in organisms
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
four most abundant elements in organisms
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
the octet rule (exceptions: H and He)
atoms want to gain, lose or share electrons to obtain 8 electrons in outer shell
ionic bonds
the giving or taking of electrons in order for an atom to follow the octet rule
anions
have a negative charge/gain electrons
cations
have a positive charge/lose electrons
polar bond
unequal sharing of electrons
covalent bond
the sharing of electrons in order for an atom to follow the octet rule
nonpolar bond
equal sharing of electrons
5 properties of water
cohesion, adhesion, lower density of ice compared to liquid water, solubility, surface tension
pH of 1
high acids, low bases
pH of 14
low acids, high bases
molecules in carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
molecules in lipids
carbon, hydrogen
molecules in proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
molecules in nucleic acids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphurus
carbohydrates are made of these
monosacchraides, disacchraides, polysacchraides
lipids are made of these
fats and oils
proteins are made of these
amino acids
nucleic acids are made of these
DNA and RNA
cell theory
all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, cells are made from previously existing cells
prokaryotes
no membrane bound nuclei
eukaryotes
membrane bound nuclei
passive transport requires...
no energy required, with the concentration gradient
active transport requires...
energy is required, against the concentration gradient
3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
hypotonic
a solution with more solutes in the cell
isotonic
a solution with equal solutes in both the cell and outside the cell
hypertonic
a solution with less solutes in the cell than outside of it
only animal cells have this organelle
centrole
only plant cells have these organelles
cell walls and chloroplasts
organelle where cellular respiration occurs
mitochondria
steps of aerobic cellular respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
two types of anaerobic cellular respiration
alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation
area of cell where glycolysis occurs
cytoplasm of the cell
area of cell where the krebs cycle occurs
the matrix of the mitochondria
area of cell where the electron transport chain occurs
the inner membrane of the mitochondria
overall net yeild of atp in cellular respiration
36-38 ATP
organelle of the plant cell in which photosynthesis occurs
chloroplast
organelle of the plant cell in which light reactions occur
the thylakoid/granum
organelle of the plant cell in which dark reactions occur
the stroma
dark reactions leave...
NADP+ and glucose
light reactions leave...
ATP and NADPH
photosynthesis uses ____and_____ to make _____and_____
carbon dioxide and water, glucose and oxygen
cellular respiration equation
c6+h12+o6+6o2=6h2o+6co2+ATP
photosynthesis equation
6h2o+6co2+SUNLIGHT=c6+h12+o6+6o2
in the light reactions of photosynthesis, this happens...
photolysis occurs, oxygen is released
in the dark reactions of photosynthesis, this happens...
co2 is absorbed and rearranged
which makes more sense: trees change color or trees lose their green?
trees lose their green
got dam it really be like that sometimes
it really do