What do social movements need to develop
grumpy people
ability to get together
ability to communicate
tolerance of speech and assembly in a culture
catalyst
collective action
non-instituional means of action
How has the study of social movements changed over time
until the 1960s people were afraid of them because they had been violent
in the 1960s there was a change in the literature and people started to think that:
maybe social movements aren't all full of zealots and crazy people, the development of Olson's Log
Collective action
Acting together
having ideas that resonate with the public
Basic level of collective action
it can be you and a buddy with a goal directed activity: you need a common objective and joint action
Booker T. Washington
Accomodationist
Accomodationist
Educate southern blacks by allowing them to exchange manual labor for education. Felt that they had to appropriately assimilate into the white community
Great Migration
1914-1919
1 million southern blacks moved north to work in the factories
Cause/Effect Great Migration
Cause: cotton fields were destroyed in a flood that tanked wages and European immigration stopped because of WWI, so there was a lack of people to work in the factory.
Effect: Overcrowding the cities. Blacks were put into highly segregated neighborhoods.
Red Summer 1919
After WWI the Blacks that worked in the factories lost their jobs. Which led to the thought why do we have to keep accommodating.
How did Television impact Civil Rights
It allowed many northerners to see the racial violence in the south which made it more real to people.
How was the US publicly humiliated due to racism
After imperialism collapsed many minorities started to run their own countries and when the ambassadors went to D.C. they were refused service because of their race.
What were some steps to the CR Movement
Red Summer
widespread use of television
collapse of imperialism
What were some structural changes that gave women more rights
No fault divorce
Title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 which made sex a protected class.
Birth planning: Griswold v. CT
How did women's liberation in the mid 20th century gain ground
pre-existing communications network
borrowed ideas from the civil rights movement
it was an issue that galvanized people into action
group self-organized together and helped to create a movement
Eras of the women's movement
1st wave: women's suffrage
2nd wave: equality and social change
3rd wave: reaction to shortcomings of Wave 2
Buggery Act of 1533
First civil law against sodomy be Henry the 8th. King Henry did this to gain political power and land.
Gay liberation major events
1958: us supreme court rules in favor of Gay and Lesbian magazine- first case regarding homosexuality
1961: Illinois becomes first state to remove sodomy from code
1969: Stonewall riots
1975: Homosexuality legalized in CA
1976: anti-homosexual rights grou
why was the Iranian Revolution unusual for a social movement
There was
no recent war
no financial crisis
no widespread rebellion
no unhappy or rebellious military
what were the flash points for the Iranian Revolution
westernization
islamic traditions were undermined
corruption
lavish activities by the Shah
political oppression
economic failures for many groups
single party government
brutal and poorly trained military
What actions did the Shah take that were controversial by his people
nationalize oil industry
recognize Israel as a country
Banned communist party
suppressed political dissent
White revolution- modernization of Iran
How did the landowners feel about the Shah
unhappy with him because he took away their land and redistributed it.
What was the US role in the 1953 coup and what was the issue about?
usa and british backed an overthrow of the prime minister. it was the first time the USA used the CIA to overthrow a democratically elected official.
What actions idd the Shah take in the 1970s that ultimately encouraged unhappiness that moved towards revolution?
1975 Shah abolished multi-party system in favor of a 1 party state
1976 moved off of Islamic calendar to imperial
1977 Aytollah's son died and it was rumored to be SAVAK
1978 shah was pretty unpopular and there were strikes with in an estimated 10 percent
structural approach
nature and CAUSE of inequality that either creates social groups or helps cause institutional change.
political context within the structural approach
Social movements occur when a state is open enough to allow it but no so open that it is already accepting.
cultural approach
the way we view the world because of our culture; it's the way that society is set up: social constructivism.
Why do people join group
prior contact
membership in a lot of organizations
prior activism
emotional attachment
biographical availability
Logic of Collective action: how do individuals behave in group
individuals act rationally they act for themselves instead of for the group unless coerced.
Logic of Collective action: Why was it a big deal
it's approach
Logic of Collective action: What did it challenge
FIND OUT
Logic of Collective action: selective incentives
offer things to members that are not available for non-members. Gives the group the ability to be coercive.
Logic of Collective action: Free riders
Individuals with more resources will carry a higher burden in the provision of public goods for the SM than poorer ones. Poorer individuals will free ride, attempting to benefit from the public good without contributing to the SM.
Logic of Collective action: Criticisms of Olson
It works only in certain conditions (economic and formal groups)
What if people disagree about what is the common interest
doesn't discriminate between perceived and actual influence of incentives
what if incentives are non-economic: doing it for moral re
What was the SNCC
Student non-violence coordinating committee. the played major roles in sit ins and freedom rides, the 1963 march on Washington and freedom summer.
What was freedom summer
An effort tog get blacks to vote in the south particularly MS because it had the lowest number of blacks to vote.
Why was Boynton v. Virginia
It made racial segregation on public transportation illegal.
Why did McAdam say civil rights work had not been effective in Mississippi to this point
MS was hostile towards racial equality
there was little federal presence so the state authority thought they could act how they wanted
very little media attention in Mississippi.
What types of people were recruited to participate in freedom summer?
They tried to get people would could pay for their own summer in Mississippi and upper middle to upper class college students.
What were the freedom summer recruits attitude?
Cognitive liberation- social contract broken
idealist
social gospel- need to bring heaven on earth
What was different about the people who actually showed up and those who were just interested?
Biographical availability
parents who were accepting and encouraging action
friends and social ties already present that reinforce decision making
Why was the book Silent Spring important?
It was a social critique of pesticides. And it was two movements colliding:
women liberation- she was attacked for being a hysterical woman and enviormentalism
What did the back to nature movement in the late 19th/early 20th century encourage?
start worrying more about the environment- nature seen as wholesome.
People started building city parks, camping, and hunting for sport.
what was the love canal.
It was a canal built in upstate New York that had been used as a dumping ground for nuclear waste by the military and a private company.
what was the issue behind the love canal?
Schools and subdivisions were built on top of the land. which lead to birth defects, cancer, and other health issues.
what sorts of people became activists because of the Love canal?
Middle class people (emotional attachment)
Doctors, social workers, teachers and creative people
not part of institutions of the industrial section
consider themselves political outsiders
don't trust self-regulating markets.
how do activists see problems compared to the general public?
don't trust everything they read
tendency to believe society has caused the bad thing to happen and we are running out of time to fix it.
nuclear technology is a big flash point: very strong opinions come to head
Why do people stay in groups after they join
like direction of the movement
like people in the movement
commitment to ideals
radical movements often try to limit outsider influence- make entire life/social circle about the movement
developed group identity
Do differences exist between social movement theoretical literature and the reality of activism?
literature portrays them as having high levels of sustained commitment. little conflict between personal life and activism but in reality there is a lot of tension between social movement and personal lives, but a deep commitment keeps them involved.
why does participation decline or people burnout
time changes- get older
financial pressures
social pressures
living in a glass box- always being watched
physical dangers
stress without rewards
being burned out by movement
Columbia University 1985 protests: what was the issue
wanted columbia to divest stocks that do business in South Africa that supported apartheid.
How was the Columbia university group organized differently than cults?
The Columbia university group was loosely structured, non-hierarchical and made decisions by consensus WHEREAS cults are heavily structured and run by a single person.
Columbia University 1985 protests: how did the protest not go as the organizers intended? Why?
The protests did not go as intended because the University reacted differently than expected. They were expecting to be arrested WHEREAS the University videotaped them and then threaten to suspend/expel them.
why do people stick around in groups
like the direction of the movement
like the people in the movement
commitment to the idea
group identity
collective identity
do you self-identify as a group:
because of choice
because of conflict/protest
because of participation
how did mainstreaming issues affect the women's movement
feminist principles became so integrated into broader views that they were no longer seen as feminist.
why is the US a good place for religious innovation
ethnic, religious pluralism
no state religion allows for a free market of faith to develop
how was the religious right affected by the 1960s counter culture movement
cultural opportunities were opened and morality came into question.
Morality politics
Politics based off of morality (vietnam war)
democratic worker's party
1974-1986
Recruits took new names in organization, pooled income and resources, worked collectively
self criticism to limit internal debate
operated in a paramilitary manner- get kicked out for criticizing
resocialization
resocialization
break you down to build you back up
What sorts of issues do we tend to see with political cults
money is a big deal
leaders do not acknowledge external authorities
ends justify the means
internal vs. external: us vs. them
internal criticism of organization is not permitted
how does the internal vs. external views affect movements
it affects movements because it keeps tension high and it makes them not want to leave because the "othered" is evil.
how does leadership in a cult typically function
leader is a demagogue and must be obeyed by all.
What do the examples in class tend to have in common with each other in terms of structure?
secretive leaders- absolute power
ideas of the group cannot be questioned
rigid roles and rules
system does not allow for any adaptation or slack
Klanderman article: what keeps a person in a movement
Leadership
ideology
organization
rituals
social relationship
what are the various ways people get out?
disengaging
neglect
environments change
getting out: exiting
formal resigning is different from dropping off.
some people move to a different movement
How is active exiting different than passive exiting.
active exiting is when you have a formal resignation WHEREAS passive exiting is where you just drop off of the movement.
What is the difference between a shifter and a persister?
A shifter bounces from movement to movemenrt whereas persisters generally stick with the group and act as the "institutional memory" for the group.
Deprivation Theory
argues that social movements have their foundations among people who feel deprived of some good(s) or resource(s). According to this approach, individuals who are lacking some good, service, or comfort are more likely to organize a social movement to impr
What were the historical assumptions about people who joined groups? How did this change?
They were deviants from the norm and existed on the edge of society. Eventually started looking more into motivations.
Prolife: how is gender perceived and how is it important?
Gender orles define you. they are important because they dictate the way you're going to liv your life.
How does the prolifer view on gender affect perception of abortion.
the view on gender affects the perception of abortion because it:
downgrades traditional gender roles
personal control over fertility upsets the natural order of gender balance
oppresses women and gives men a free pass to not enter relationships.
Abortion
Prolife: why is the balance of relationships important?
the balance of relationships is important because men lose the nurturing compassion of women and children lose parents.
How does the prolife view: reproduction vs. recreation purposes of sex.
The end of sexual activity is reproduction and that is why it exist. Sex for recreation should only exist within the marriage.
How do pro life adherents tend to view the sacredness of sexual activity vs. pro choice adherents?
Prolifers view sex as scared because it creates life whereas prochoicers view sex as a bonding experience between two people.
How does prochoice view gender roles? How is the sacred aspects of sex perceived?
Embrace the idea that men and women are substantially equal and similar and that motherhood as the sole female role can be dangerous because it improvishes a woman with no marketable skill set and forces a women into marriage.
Sex is not sacred and should