Directory
five man group
Created after Reign of Terror
Corrupt
Created new constitution and branch of new French government
Napoleon bonaparte
Overthrew Directory(weak gov) with coup d' etat
Declared himself emperor
Unsuccessfully expanded French territory
Forced to abdicate and later exiled to st. Elba and later st. Helena
Napoleonic code
Recognized legal equality of all French citizens
Abolished feudalism
Religious toleration
Louis XVII
King of France before and after Napoleon
Leader at time of French Revolution
In what ways did napoleon uphold the values of the French Revolution? In what ways did he go against them?
For: The Napoleonic code- established rights for all citizens
For: Overthrew the Directory
Against: Crowned himself emperor
Against: conquered other European countries- took their liberty
Continental system
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England to weaken it
What factors enabled Napoleon to take power in France
Had military on his side
Support of RCC
Support of people
Weak government= easy to overthrow
What impact did Napoleon have beyond the borders of France?
Set stage for nationalism in Germany
Quest for unified Italy began
Stimulated Egyptian consciousness- led to stronger Egyptian state
Gave opening to forces of S. American liberation
Saint-Domingue
French side of Haiti
Haiti
Home of only successful slave revolt in modern day
Hispaniola
Present day Haiti and Dominican Republic
Haitian Constitution
This document ended slavery
made Toussaint Louverture governor for life
maroon communities
African refugees who escaped slavery in Americas
developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.
agricultural revolution
A time when new inventions made farming easier and faster
production of food rose dramatically.
putting-out system
tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes
also known as cottage industry.
haves v. have nots
rich and poor
industrial revolution
the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial world
congress of vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
division of labor
Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers
proletariat
Marx's term for the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of Haitian Revolution
Freed slave
Napoleon captured and imprisoned him
Gens de couleur
People of color in Haiti
engag�s
French indentured servants in Haiti
grand blancs
Haitian plantation owners
Petit blancs
Haitian working class
Affranchis
Freed slaves of Haiti
What impact did the French and American Revolutions have on Haiti?
The Revolutions put the idea of liberty and equality into the minds of the slaves
How did Napoleon respond to the unrest in Haiti?
Napoleon captured and imprisoned the leader, Toussaint L'Ouverture
Did not stop the Revolution
Why was it difficult to forge a strong "Venezuelan" identity?
There were many different classes and races with different political views that conflicted
King Louis XIV
AKA Sun King
Brought French monarchy to peak of power
Empress Josephine
married to Napoleon but he divorced her when they could not have children
Reluctant" Allies
Countries who allied with France when Napoleon seemed invincible
Battle of Waterloo(date)
Napoleon's final downfall after reforming army
March 1815
L'Ouverture meaning
Opening
Dutty Boukman
An escaped slave who held many voodoo services(outlawed)
persuaded slaves to rebel against plantation owners 3
Decapitated by French colonists
Bois Caiman
Vodou ceremony where the first major slave insurrection of the Haitian Revolution was planned
Sonthonax
Sent from France to bring order to Haiti
Wanted to kill whites- anti racist
Abolished slavery
Cap Francais
Largest slave port in the colony and the Transatlantic slave trade
where Sonthonax based his operations
Code Noir
a set of laws governing the conduct of the slaves during the French colonial period
Established by Louis XIV
WPA Hamlin/ Hamilton source
Same person interviewed
White interviewer: covers up bad parts of slaver
Black interviewer: reveals brutality of slavery
Presence of the Past source
Not enough sources being used for historical studies
Led to creation of national survey
Memoirs of Madame de Remusat source
Napoleon didn't think highly of women
Napoleon treated everyone as if in military- slapped son
A German Conscript with Napoleon source
Almost no food on Russian Invasion
Only tactic was to survive
Napeoleon ate well
Toussaint Louverture Conversation with Commisioner Sonthonax source
Toussaint and Sonthonax did not always get along
Sonthonax wanted to murder white people
Expulsion of Sonthonax by Toussaint Louverture source
Toussaint wanted Sonthonax to leave Haiti
Facing Racial Revolution Excerpt source
A plantation owner is nearly killed during Haitian Revolution
Spared by slaves rebelling
Wrongful Death of Toussaint Louverture source
Toussaint died from terrible conditions and treatment
Utopian socialism
socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people
Fourier thought that the key to bring people together was with complementary talents
Disliked by Marx
supported by Fourier and his foll
Industrial capitalism
an economic system in which business leaders use profits to expand their companies
Supported by factory owners and Karl Marx
Bourgeoisie
French middle class
concert of Europe
a series of alliances among European nations to prevent revolutions
Robert owen
Utopian who set up a model community at his cotton mill in Scotland
Otto von bismarck
German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united
Communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx
advocates a society where there is no private ownership
Supported by Marx and Russia
Friedrich Engels
socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx
German socialist leader
Observed Industrial cities to be unhealthy
Charles Fourier
French social theorist
criticized capitalism
wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women.
Theory of Four Movements.
Liberalism
Emphasized rights of individuals
Implied open mindedness and need for social and political reform
Associated with middle class and developed and supported in Britian
Evolutionary socialism
Believed liberalism and socialism we're compatible
Individual rights, workers' rights, and common good should all be pursued
Anarchism
A political theory favoring the abolition of governments
Supported by Bakunin and some of Russian middle class
Utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Government sponsored studies to improve urban planning, water supplies, hygiene
Restrictions on Catholics lifted
Supported by lower class Briti
Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest
Used to justify social inequality
Used to explain Europe's increasing global dominance
Supported not by Darwin but by racists looking for justification
Reform Bill of 1832
Brought Parliament closer into social changes
Lowered property qualifications for voting
Helped to pass by Utalitarians
Karl Marx
German author and philosopher
Founded Marxism
Wrote The Manifesto of the Communist Party and Das Kapital
Enclosure Acts
Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country
created legal property rights to land that was previously considered common
Poor were forced onto land with poor nutrients
Charles Darwin
Proponent of theory of evolution
Didn't support social Darwinism
Why Great Britain for the Industrial Revolution?
Commercial vigor
Raw materials
Transportation
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurship
Scientific Socialism
socialism associated chiefly with Marxians and based on belief that historical forces (as economic determinism and the class struggle) determine usually by violent means the achievement of socialist goals
Supported by followers of Marx
Results of Industrialization source
productivity doesn't rely on humans
Machines asking over jobs
Seminal moment=moment that influences everything after it
Balancing the Burdens and Benefits of Industrialization source
Industrialization led to poor conditions and wages
Even children worked long hours
Became integral part of life
Social Classes in Industrial Revolution source
Factory workers receive treatment near slaves
Upper class had almost no idea of poor conditions
Communist Manifesto source
Communism brings equality
Classes should be abolished
Everything should be shared
Thinking about Art Anarchism source
Anarchism:
There should be no formal laws or government
Everything should be shared
Joseph Banks
First botanist to study native species
Joined James Cook on Pacific voyages
Kew gardens
Royal Botanic Garden outside London
African Association
Society founded by Joseph Banks
Sponsored expeditions to Africa to chart the Niger River and find Timbuktu
Dedicated to "discovery" of the interior parts of Africa
all under heaven
tianxia
Chinese state was said to encompass this
British East India Company
set up trading posts in India, beginning the British economic interest there
Mughal Empire
Islamic portion of Indian subcontinent
British raj
The name for the British government's military rule of India
Berlin conference
divided African continent
led to Scramble for Africa
Congo Free State
African nation governed by Belgium+Leopold II during colonial times
Under Leopold's rule, exploitation+ murder of many Africans
Zulu Empire
Led by Shaka
conquered a large empire in Southern Africa
Union of South Africa
British united multiple trading posts
a self-governing dominion
council of China
BEIC set up group to communicate with Chinese government in order to facilitate trade
canton
One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during Ming dynasty
boxer protocol
Chinese forced to sign after suppressed in Boxer Rebellion
Required to pay for damages
allowed Western powers to station troops in Beijing
Doctrine of Lapse
native states in India without a clear successor fell under british rules
Indian National Congress
founded to demand greater Indian participation in government
Cecil Rhodes
played a major role in colonial South Africa
White Man's Burden
idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized
Menelik II
Emperor of Ethiopia
Made Ethiopia only country to beat Europe(Italians at Battle of Adowa)
John Africanus Horton
Disapproved claims that the black man was racially inferior
Xhosa Cattle Killing
Nongqawuse had vision that if the Africans killed their animals and crops the invaders would move out
prophecy did not come true and led to famine
dejima
was the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world
during sakoku(when Japan closed borders)
Think of us no more
Japan blocks itself from the West
Black Ship Scroll
tells about Westerners coming into Japan
Starts peacefully, turns brutal
Meiji Constitution
Meiji period
Promoted Westernization and Japanese cultural values at same time
"Modern science, Confucian ethics
Good wife, wise mother
Outlines ideal Japanese woman- housewife
Queen Elizabeth I
concerned British falling behind with imperialism
spread influence to India
Indian Revolt of 1857
Revolt of Indian soldiers against British officers
they were required to use greased cartridges they suspected were being used with parts of unclean animals
civilizing mission
The notion that colonialism was a duty for Europeans and a benefit for the colonized
Asante Kingdom
crushed by British who wanted to expand
British had quinine and maxim gun, easily won
Yaa Asantewa's War= last attempt to expel British
Dutch East India Company
A company by the Dutch to trade throughout Asia
Native Land Act
South African law
forced Black people to move to reserves
Boer War
Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa
aka South African War
Great Trigonomical Survey
Surgery to plot Indian subcontinent on precise grid
Prelude to expansion of Britain's Indian empire
How did the idea of "improvement" serve to justify imperialism?
Those who were thrown aside would ultimately benefit form scientifically radical agriculture
How did mapmaking and exploration affect global power dynamics?
Bigger countries had more power
Why did Australian Aborigines consider European territorial advance a plague?
They were pushed out of their homes and received many deadly diseases they weren't immune to
Lin Zezu
scholar-official sent by Qing to Britain to suppress opium trade
First Opium War
Britain forced China to open trade so they could continue making money from opium
An Anglo-French force invaded China and enforced the to agree to unequal treaties
Ended in Treaty of Najing(one sided, favored Britain)
Taiping Rebellion
rebellion against the Qing Dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan
Dominant group= Hakka
Hong Xiuqan
Leader of Taiping Rebellion
Claimed to be brother of Christ who came down to earth to creamy "Heavenly Kingdom of Peace
Self-Strengthening Movement
movement in China to counter the challenge from the West
Motto: "Confucian ethnics, Western science
Empress Ci Xi
Dowager Empress"
Regent for Guangxu
Blocked Hundred Days' Reforms and other "Self-Strengthening measures
Emperor Guangxu
Chinese ruler who worked to modernize China
Successor of Ci Xi
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese uprising by the Boxers
To drive out Westerners from CHina
Qing dynasty
the last imperial dynasty of China
overthrown by revolutionaries
known for its extreme isolationism
Founded by Manchu people
What were the main forces that undermined the power of Qing Dynasty in the nineteenth century?
Western ideals
Confucian ethnics, Western science" meaning
China could acquire modern technology and science knowledge while retaining ethnically superior Confucian tradition
Kaiser Wilhelm II
militaristic emperor of Germany in WW2
Triple Alliance
WW1
Germany, Austria-Hungary , Italy
Triple entente
WW1
France, Britain, Russia
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to Austrian throne
Assassinated- sparked WW1
Allied Powers WW1
Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, US
Central Powers WW1
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, Turkey
Schlieffen Plan
German plan to quickly end WW2
Failed at Battle of the Marne
WW1 western front
Front between France and Germany
ww2
WW1 eastern front
Russian front
Germany beat Russia with superior technology
Khaki girls
girls who worked in the factories during WWI
skin turned khaki color
Woodrow Wilson
President of US during WW1
view enshrined in Fourteen Points
Stalled war effort by Americans
MAIN
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Powder Keg of Europe
Balkans
ready to ignite war if one bad thing happens
Triple Entente and Alliance had stake here= high tension
Balkan League
an alliance between Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro to drive the Ottomans out of their land
weakened Ottomans
Battle of Verdun
longest battle of World War I
ended in stalemate
both sides suffering large casualties
Battle of the Somme
battle between German and British forces
Ending in a stalemate
three months long, high casualties
first use of tanks in warfare.
Senegalese Sharpshooters
Muslim soldiers from French West Africa
conscripted by French empire in World War I
fierce fighters
Paris Peace Conference
decided the terms of WWI peace and Treaty of Versailles
Only included leaders of allied nations
Dominated by "big four"- US,UK, France, Italy
Pan-slavism
a movement to create a nation state of Slavic people
Triple Entente's stake in the Balkans(Triple Alliance's stake was trade)
Treaty of London
Britain promised to defend Belgium
Led to Britain declaring war on Germany when Germany invaded Belgium in WW1
Scrap of Paper
Kaiser Wilhelm said Britain wouldn't defend Belgium when he invaded it because they are bound to a "scrap of paper"(London Treaty)
Race to the sea
German and Allied forces tried to outflank each other and block the enemy off by reaching the sea
Mesopotamia campaign
British and Indian(tigris corps) troops fighting Ottomans to protect British oil
ended in armistice of mudros
Thrasher Incident
German U-boatship Falaba
Killed 1st US citizen
Sinking of Lusitania
Cruise ship sunk by Germans
helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI
128 Americans died
Isolationism
AKA non-interventionism
US originally avoided permanent alliance that didn't serve US interest
Kept US out of WW1 originally
Arthur Zimmerman
wrote note: secret offer to Mexico
rewarded land to Mexico if it declared war on U. S.
Led to US joining WW1
Women in WW1 Source
Women worked in factories to help war effort
Taxi Drivers Source
Male taxi drivers didn't want women taking their jobs
Women's Conference Source
Women bonded together across countries
Started peacefully, women became restless
Letters from Pierre Teilhard de Chardin at Verdun
Soldiers view of WW1(battle of verdun)
They tried to think of happy things to distract them from the horrors
Friends died=traumatic experience
Christmas Memo Source
German leaders told Germany it had to attack citizens of enemies
prepared by Falkenhayn
British and French division of Middle East in Mandate System
Britain added German East Africa(now Tanzania)
France expanded West African holdings
Weimar Republic
government of Germany created after WW1
Faced with war debts, political turmoil, and rising inflation
Mandate System
Britain and France to prepare former Ottoman and German territories for independence
Armenian Genocide
The massacre of Armenians conducted by Ottoman officials during WWI
Response to Armenians who supported Russia during WW1 in hopes of becoming independent
1.5 million Armenians died
Balfour Declaration
British promised land as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jewish help in WW1
Mutiny of the Aisne
1917
1/2 of French forces refused to fight
Morale was low
Hundred Days Offensive/campaign
Series of battles that pushed German lines back to where they were in 1914
WW1
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Involved 1.2 million US troops- largest ever
Within 3 hours, used more ammunition than whole Civil War
Ernest Hemingway WW1
Wrote about Italian Front
Biggest source, otherwise it would be forgotten
WW1 southern front
AKA Italian Front
largely written by Ernest Hemingway
Italy v. Austria Hungary
War of attrition
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan
Japan wins
government weakened- Russian liberal and radical groups took advantage and demanded reform
Bloody Sunday
peaceful march by russians
turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd
Soviets
Russian councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers
led strike against Tsar Nicholas II
Nicholas II
Last tsar of Russia
forced to abdicate during Russian Revolution
Duma
The elected parliament
Made by Tsar Nicholas II to make it seem that he was giving the people power
In reality: Tsar could easily rid of it if laws he didn't like were made
March (February) Revolution
Russian working-class women march through Petrograd, demanding stop to bread rationing
caused the tsar to abdicate
on International Women's Day
Autocracy
a system of government by one person with absolute power
Russia with Tsar Nicholas II
Bolsheviks/Communists
means "majority"led by Lenin+Trotsky
Marxist revolutionaries
Eventually led Russia
July Days
when the Bolsheviks rose up but ended up failing
hardened political lines in Russia
Bolsheviks were arrested
Treaty of Brest-livotsk
Stated Russia's withdrawal from WWI
allowed Germans to concentrate on the western front
Cheka
The secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party
Unleashed "Red Terror
Red terror
Unleashed by Cheka to hunt down "class enemies"
Against "White" army, or peasants to seize surpluses
Alexander Kerensky
socialist leader of provisional Russian government
Faced Bolsheviks trying to push ideas and events
Vladimir Lenin
leader of the Bolsheviks
became head of government after November Revolution
New economic policy
When Lenin's government restored some private businesses
Socialism in one country
Idea that the Soviet Union had the ability to build socialism on its own
Five-year plans
Launched by Stalin
Squeezed capital needed for industrialization out of Soviet people, since USSR had cut foreign ties
Socialism v. Communism
social theory advocating community control of the means of production
V.
social system based on collective ownership of all productive property
Too Proud to Fight" speech
Wilson says war not necessary to solve problems(diplomacy instead)
WW1
Diktat
Dictated peace"
German term for the Treaty of Versailles
they were forced to sign
War Guilt Clause
in treaty of Versailles
declared germany and austria responsible for WWI
Young Turks
rose to power as response to growing unrest in Ottoman Empire
Joined Central Powers, defeated by Russians whom Armenians supported
Blamed Armenians for loss- carried out genocide
Three Pashas
Leaders of the Ottoman Empire
pushed new policy to hold on to remaining empire
Pillars of Autocracy
only Tsar ran Russia
nobility owned all land
no elections for government positions
secret police who enforced tsar's will
tsar=head of Orthodox Church
Nicholas the Bloody
Nickname for Nicholas in protest to Bloody Sunday
In response, Nicholas II anounced elected assembly that would advise government
October Manifesto
issued by Nicholas II
promised constitution and establishment of Duma
Willy-Nicky telegrams
Telegrams between rulers of Germany and Russia to try to prevent the war
November(October) Revolution
Bolsheviks led by Trotsky and Lenin claimed power in name of the soviets proclaimed a full-scale revolution
Joseph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary
head of the Soviet Communists
led the Soviet Union with an iron fist
Women's Progressive Party
Russian feminists demanding suffrage
April Theses: The Bolshevik Opposition source
Lenin rejects support for Provisional Government
Speech to the Petrograd Soviet
Lenin fights for a soviet government
Fake Views: The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly of Soviet Photoshopping
doctored Soviet pictures to make leaders look better
new form of propaganda
Revolutions in Russia source
summary of Russian Revolution
Nicholas II was hated
Program of the Women's Progressive Party source
outlines new rights for Russians
removes militarism
gives Russian women more freedom
Authoritarianism v. Totalitarianism
Authoritarianism:
allowed some individual freedom
rulers wanted all power over government
totalitarianism
rulers wanted all power over everything; not just politics
Communism v. Fascism
Communism
classless
Relies on working class
fascism
classes
relies on middle and upper class