Advice and Consent
the Senate's authority to approve or reject the president's appointments
Anti-Federalists
people who opposed the Constitution
Bicameral Legislature
legislature with two chambers
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Confederation
an alliance of independent states
Connecticut Compromise
Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.
Constitution
a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
Dual Sovereignty
a system of government in which ultimate governing authority is divided between two levels of government, a central government and regional governments, with each level having ultimate authority over different policy matters
Electoral College
A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
Federalists
supporters of the Constitution
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison
This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review
Natural Rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
New Jersey Plan
The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.
Republic
A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.
Separation of Powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
The Federalist Papers
A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.
Virginia Plan
Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population
New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
unicameral legislature
a legislature with one chamber
Sugar Act of 1764
law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
Stamp Act of 1765
Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies
Quartering Act of 1765
Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops
Declaratory Act (1766)
Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed; declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" & that the colonists possessed virtual representation.
Townsend Acts 1767
All imported goods were taxed
Boston Massacre (1770)
An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed.
Historical Significance:
Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.
Tea Act of 1773
Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)
The Sons Of Liberty disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and boarded a ship with tea and destroyed 45 tons of tea, which was called the Boston Tea Party.
Intolerable Acts (1774)
Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private hom
Martial Law
type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended
First Continental Congress
September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
Second Continental Congress
Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be
Declaration of Independence
Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.
Supremacy Clause
Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.
What year did women win the right to vote?
1920
political efficacy
The belief that one's political participation makes a difference.
Political Socialization
the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions
convenience voting
absentee, early, or mail-in voting conducted before Election Day to facilitate turnout
Public Opinion Polling
method used to survey a small representative group of individuals, used to determine public opinion.
Name Identification
familiarity with a candidate's name
negative campaigning
The act of attacking an opposing candidate's platform, past political performance, or personal characteristics.
get-out-the-vote (GOTV)
push at the end of a campaign to encourage supporters to go to polls
microtargeting
an approach to campaigning that uses databases to identify specific groups of voters who can then be targeted with campaign messages designed to appeal to their interests
what did the Democrats say they would rather vote for before a republican
Yellow dog
Conservative
A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.
Liberal
Believes in a political philosophy that emphasizes social equality and a large role for government to protect liberties and illiminate social problems
First African American mayor of San Antonio
Ivey Taylor 2014
Agenda Setting
the power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems
budget execution
the governor's implementation of the budget when the legislature is not in session
clemency
power to reduce or delay punishment for a crime
Executive Orders
Regulations originating with the executive branch. Executive orders are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy.
Impeachment
A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office
Inaugural Speech
an address that is not constitutionally required but is conventionally delivered at the beginning of a new gubernatorial term
Informal Powers of the Governor
- Serves as spokesperson for the state of Georgia
- Leads trade delegations
-Serves as party head
-Issues proclamations
line-item veto
an executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature
Pardon
A declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment
Proclamation
an official announcement
political succession
the sequential passing of authority from one person to another as the previous people are unable to serve
State of the State Address
annual speech given by the governor of each state
Term Limits
legally prescribed limits on the number of terms an elected official can serve
Partisans
a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person
Precincts
Local voting districts in a county, city, or ward
Dr Wally Wilkerson King Wally
Served 54 years as the Republican county chair
how many members of both houses can override a veto
2/3
who is the governor that served the longest term
Rick Perry
Politics
Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how)
civic engagement
individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern
political engagement
citizen actions that are intended to solve public problems through political means
naturalization
A legal process to obtain citizenship
monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen
oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
democracy
government by the people
totalitarism
a means of government where toal rule is by a dictator, political system controls every aspect of life
Authoritarianism
the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.
Constitutionalism
Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law
Popular Sovereignty
A government in which the people rule by their own consent.
Social Contract Theory
The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence.
Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Indirect Democracy
a system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who work on their behalf
political culture
a patterned and sustained way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out
liberty
Freedom from government control
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
consent of the governed
an agreement made by the people to establish a government and abide by its laws
political ideology
A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose, which helps give meaning to political events.
government
The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies
citizens
people who have the right to participate in government