History: Unit 01 Review Sheet

He was the delegate who represented Pennsylvania who came up with the Albany Plan of Union. It called for union from all colonies to form a Grand Council. The delegates accepted the idea, but the colonial assemblies didn't approve. No one wanted to give u

Ben Franklin

In 1755 this general went with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne. He was warned by others including Washington.

General Edward Braddock

A French commander. He died during the Battle of Quebec.

Marquis de Montcalm

was the British Prime Minister from 1763-1765. To obtain funds for Britain after the costly 7-Years War, in 1763 he ordered the Navy to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws, and in 1764 he got Parliament to pass the Sugar Act, which increased duties on s

George Grenville

was the leader of the Odawa tribe. He led a force of 300 men to attack British forts. They captured 8 of the 11 forts. He came to a negotiation with the British Superintendent and the Proclamation of 1763 was made.

Pontiac

stood against the British and even though he was a failure in business and public speaking, his real talent was organizing people. He arranged protests and stirred public support.

Sam Adams

took part in the Boston Tea Party. He was a Patriot and he was part of the Committee of Correspondence. He was an alarm rider who warned the Americans the British were coming.

Paul Revere

an officer in the British army. He saved the British soldiers from the "Corridor of Hell" where many soldiers were dying.

Brig. General Hugh Percy

At the age of 22, he was a soldier. He was sent to tell the French they were trespassing on British land. When they refused to leave, he was still determined to carry out his orders. He went to attack the French and their Indian allies. He failed and was

George Washington

He was a Native American leader and an Indian ally to the Americans. He went with George Washington to attack the French and their Indian allies.

Half King

was a young and a "new school" commander who was sent to lead the war by William Pitt. He helped win the Battle of Quebec which caused a turning point during the war. He led his armies up the cliffs of the Plains of Abraham and surprised the French. He di

James Wolfe

Created the Townshend Acts which taxed goods that the colonists needed and that they couldn't make themselves.

Charles Townshend

opposed taxes. He was a lawyer and his writings inspired others like John Hancock, Sam and John Adams. He argued in the British court that protection of a citizen's private property must be held in high regard. He had a strong case, but lost. "Taxation wi

James Otis

A free-black sailor and one of the men who died in the Boston Massacre.

Crispus Attucks

was governor of Massachusetts. Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress.

John Hancock

He became the prime minister in 1757. He put lots of money to win the war. He helped the war turn in the favor of the British.

William Pitt

She helped aid the colonial cause. She wrote plays that made fun of British officials. The plays were put in the newspapers and were widely read by colonists. Mercy and Abigail Adams wrote how colonists should take action and they also fought for women's

Mercy Otis Warren

What lands did Spain, England and France control in the New World before the French and Indian War?

England: Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. and some of Canada. France: large part of Canada and the U.S. Spain: Florida, present Mexico, Cuba, and South America.

What did each control in the new world after the war was over?

Britain: Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans. France: two sugar islands. Spain: d all French land west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans. Kept control over Central and South America.

What was the war fought over?

Ohio River Valley. Who would be the dominant empire in North America.

What did each country want?

England: territory so their settlers along the Eastern Seaboard could expand. France: trade with Native Americans for fur (valuable in Europe). Spain: access to sugar islands and metals in the Caribbean and South America.

Why was the Ohio River so important to France?

The rivers were the French's main way of travelling. They wanted control over American Indian trade in the Ohio River Valley. Also wanted the Indians to be their allies.

What were the Indian allies of each side?

Britain: Iroquois and Cherokee. French: Hurons, Algunquians, Abenakis, and Mi'kmaqs.

Who had more Indian allies and why?

French had more allies because unlike the British they were kind to the Indians. They traded with them and gave gifts. Britain stole their land, while the French didn't destroy Indian land. Many French trappers married Indian women.

What were some of the advantages and disadvantages the British and the French each had?

French advantages: highly centralized government and better relationships with Indians. French disadvantages: small army and their soldiers were not well trained. British advantages: large population and well trained colonists. British disadvantages: 13 s

What were the two things Major George Washington was sent to do in the western-mountains of Pennsylvania?

The first thing he was sent to do was to deliver a letter to the French asking them to withdraw from the Ohio River Valley. After they refused, Washington was sent again to build a fort where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet to form the Ohio Rive

What was Virginia trying to do? (in regards to the Ohio Valley)

Virginia was affected by the Ohio River Valley battles because they had expanded land into the Ohio River where a French explorer claimed land which started fights.

What are the names of the three rivers on which Washington was supposed to build his fort?

The Monongahela and Allegheny rivers which formed the Ohio River.

Why did he not build a fort there?

George Washington didn't build a fort there because the French already did and it was called Fort Duquesne.

What was the name of the fort he built and why did he build it?

The fort was called Fort Necessity because Washington and his men heard the French were about to counterattack and they made it to protect them.

What crime did the French accuse Washington of? Why did he sign a confession?

They accused him of killing Jumonville. He signed the confession because it was written in French and he didn't know what it said. Also he was outnumbered and was forced to surrender.

Who thought up the Albany Plan of Union? What two things were included in the plan?

Ben Franklin came up with the Albany Plan of Union. The Albany Plan of Union would create "one general government". It called for a Grand Council made up of Representatives from each colony. It would make laws, raise taxes, and set up the defense of the c

In 1755 Edward "Bulldog" Braddock commanded the British armies in America. Why did he fail?

Little fighting experience in North America. The British stood out because of their bright red coats. The French and their Indian allies were able to camouflage in the forest and shoot the British by hiding behind rocks and trees. He also paved a road by

Give two examples of how the British soldiers and colonists clashed culturally during Braddock's campaign.

One example is that the colonists were not used to being controlled. They were used to self-rule for so many years. This had to do with Salutary Neglect. They also argued a lot like Washington and Braddock. They disagreed on many things like how Washingto

Describe the method of warfare the British used successfully in Europe.

Soldiers used a Brown Bess Musket which was a 3-in-one (a gun, sword, and club). It took two long to reload and was inaccurate. The soldiers would stand in 3 lines and the front line would shoot. Then, they moved back to reload and then the second line wo

Describe why that method of warfare failed in the colonies.

This tactic failed in the colonies because the geography was different. There were too many trees in the way.

What happened as a result of Braddock's defeat?

Because of their loss of troops, the whole frontier of Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack. George Washington only had 300 men and tried to defend the land.

What did William Pitt do to insure a British victory in the New World?

William sent his best generals to North America to insure they won the war. He also gave money for materials and men.

Why did the fall of Quebec mark the end of New France? Why was it so important?

Quebec was important because it was the French's most powerful city. Without Quebec the French were not as powerful. Quebec was a fur trading post and they had control over the fur trade, which Britain wanted to have.

Who was the British general in charge and what did he do that was special?

The general was James Wolfe; he was young and "new school". At night he took ships to the Plains of Abraham which was behind Quebec. Then, he climbed up the cliffs with his men. In the morning they lined up on the Plains of Abraham to fight the French. Th

What happened to the British and French generals after the battle?

Both James Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm died.

Where exactly was the battle of Quebec fought?

The Plains of Abraham.

What was the name of the peace treaty that ended the Seven Years War and what did it give to the French, English and Spanish? What did each lose?

The Treaty of Paris. Britain's gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans. Britain didn't lose any land that they already had. The French gained two sugar islands; they lost all land in Canada and Louisiana which w

Why did the relationship between the English and the Indians worsen after the war?

It worsened because the British were still stealing their land after the war. Britain wasn't kind to them like the French. They didn't trade or give gifts to each other. The British didn't care about having a good relationship with Indians.

Describe what happened in Pontiac's War.

Pontiac was a leader of a Indian tribe. He led attacks on the British after the British continued to steal their land after the French and Indian War. They weren't respected by the British like the French did. In May 1763, Pontiac planned to capture Fort

What was the Proclamation of 1763 and why did Britain pass it?

The Proclamation of 1763 made a "border" that didn't let Americans go past the Appalachian Mountains. That land was reserved for Indians, but the Americans were angry and believed they could take any land they wanted and expanded anyway. Britain passed it

Why did the British want to tax the colonies and what economic principle is used to describe it? Why couldn't they understand colonial resentment of taxes?

Britain wanted to tax the colonists because they believed the colonists should help pay and share the burden. The British believed they had the right to tax the colonists if they wanted (Declaratory Act). They couldn't understand why the colonists resente

Why did the colonists resent taxes so much? What term is used to describe the British treatment of the colonies before the French and Indian War

The colonists resented taxes because they were independent for so long and they believed Britain didn't have the right to control and tax them. They also believed the new taxes went against the English Constitution. Salutary Neglect.

What was the first major tax on the colonies in 1764? What did it tax? Were these important everyday goods?

The Sugar Act taxed molasses, sugar, and other goods. Yes, but the tax wasn't noticed like the Stamp Act.

What did the Stamp Act of 1765 tax? Were these important everyday goods?

The Stamp Act taxed legal documents, newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, and dice. Yes, and people protested.

What did the Stamp Act Congress decide to do? Did it work?

They signed a petition and the Stamp Act was soon repealed.

What were the Townshend Acts of 1767? What did they tax? Were these important everyday goods?

The Townshend Acts passed new taxes and let British soldiers search through homes with no reason. It taxed goods like glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. These were important because the colonists needed and couldn't make these goods themselves.

What did a writ of assistance allow a customs official (tax collector) to do?

It allowed tax collectors to inspect another person's property without giving a reason.

What did the colonists do in response to the Townshend Acts? (it was an agreement)

Colonial merchants and planters signed an agreement to stop importing taxed goods.

What were some of the ways regular people supported the boycott of British goods in 1767?

They stopped purchasing taxed goods and asked colonial merchants to stop importing taxed goods.

What did the Sons of Liberty do to protest the taxes? What did the Daughters of Liberty do?

They held mock hangings, started petitions, boycotted the taxed goods, and threatened people. The Daughters of Liberty refused to buy taxed goods and encouraged others to do the same.

Who began the Committee of Correspondence and what did it do?

Samuel Adams began the Committee of Correspondence and it was a group that wrote letters and pamphlets reporting to other colonies on events in Massachusetts.

What was the Quartering Act? What happened to the New York Assembly when they refused to obey it?

The Quartering Act stated colonists had to house soldiers and provide for them. When the New York Assembly refused to obey it, Britain dismissed the assembly in 1767.

Why were two regiments of British soldiers camping on Boston Common?

It was to maintain order in Boston. And it was to protect custom officers from attacks from the local citizens.

What happened on the night of March 5, 1770? What did Sam Adams do immediately after the event?

An angry group of colonists assembled outside the Boston Customs house and assaulted the soldier standing outside. The group formed because of an earlier conflict between a British soldier and colonists. The confused soldiers didn't know what to do and fi

At their trial who defended the soldiers?

John Adams

Why were the Townshend Acts repealed? How did it make the colonists feel?

The Townshend Acts was repealed because of the protests from colonists. It made the colonists feel like the Britain government wasn't powerful since the colonists could force them to do what they want.

What is propaganda and how did Paul Revere utilize it for the Colonists' benefit?

Propaganda is information spread used to promote a certain view and to influence public opinion. Paul Revere used this to make the colonists seem like the victims in a bloody massacre and make it seem like they weren't assaulting the soldiers. He also mad

What was the Tea Act of 1773? How did it help the British East India Company?

The Tea Act stated that only the British East India Company could sell tea to the colonists. Nobody else could sell the colonists tea. It helped the British East India Company because they overestimated and bought too much tea, being the only ones to sell

Explain why the British thought the Tea Act was very fair and why the colonists thought it was unfair.

The British believed it was fair because they lowered the price of tea so they thought it was fair since the colonists didn't have to buy tea as much as they had to before. The colonists thought it was unfair because they believed only their own elective

Besides boycotting British tea, what did the Bostonians do in response to the Tea Act?

They protested and tarred and feathered custom officials.

Describe the event in question 48 (Boston Tea Party).

The colonists protested the Tea Act. They thought the British were trying to get them to pay taxes even though the price for the tea was lower. In December Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty met in the Old South Meeting House and sent a message to Governor

Who was Governor Hutchinson and how did he do to help cause the situation?

Governor Hutchinson was the colonial governor of Massachusetts. He refused to tell the ships to leave when Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty asked him. The situation had escalated and tea was dumped into the harbor because of Hutchinson refusing. Telling

What was Boston's punishment for the Boston Tea Party? What were the names each side had for the punishments? What were the four punishments? (parts of the Act)

Britain decided to punish Boston by making the Intolerable Acts. Coercive Acts in Britain. The four parts: 1. The ports and economy of Boston was closed. 2. Colonists couldn't hold town meetings more than once a year without the governor's permission. 3.

What was the name of the colonial meeting in response to the Intolerable Acts? What two decisions did they make at this meeting?

It was called the First Colonial Congress. They decided to boycott all British goods and export goods to Britain until the Intolerable Acts are repealed. They also decided each colony should set up and train a militia which is an army of citizens who serv

What has become known as The Shot Heard 'Round the World?

The first shot during the clash at Concord. There was not meant to be any shooting. The minutemen were just going to block the British from going past them.

Why did Thomas Gage send 700 British soldiers to Concord? What were they sent to find? (Two people and a thing)

He was told by Loyalists spies the colonists were hiding weapons in a cache. He sent the men to seize weapons, ammo, equipment, and other items stored by the colonial militia in Concord. They were also sent to find and capture Sam Adams and John Hancock (

What happened when the soldiers entered the town of Lexington? What did it become known as?
What happened at the Old North Bridge?

When they entered Lexington 70 minutemen were waiting and blocking the way. They were told to leave when shots were fired. 8 colonists died and 1 redcoat was wounded. This began known as the "shot heard 'round the world". At the Old North Bridge 300 minut

Describe the British retreat from Concord back to Boston.

It was called the "Corridor of Hell". Sharpshooters shot from behind trees, walls, and from windows. 73 British soldiers died and 200 were wounded or missing. The British were only able to escape because they were saved from General Hugh Percy who brought

What did the British include in the Quebec Act?

They gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom which restored the French form of civil law. They told Indians they wouldn't steal their land. It also stated land beyond the Appalachian Mountains was now part of Quebec.

Why were the colonists upset by the Quebec Act?

This upset colonists because they were taking away their land and trial by jury. They believed they were under an oppressive government.

What was the First Continental Congress and what three things did it do?

It was when the Continental Congress had their first meeting in Philadelphia. 55 men were all sent from each colony, except Georgia. It drew up several papers including the Declaration of Rights which said they were British citizens and deserved equal rig

Describe the Olive Branch Petition and the king's response.

It was a petition sent by the delegates to King George III which declared their loyalty to the king and they asked him to repeal the Intolerable Acts and tell Parliament to lave them alone. The king was furious and he thought they were trying to have an i

What was the Second Continental Congress and what four things did it do?

The Continental Congress met for a second time a year later. Realizing they didn't want to be separate from Britain, they sent an Olive Branch Petition to the king pleading loyalty to the king, but asking for Parliament to leave them alone. It created a C

Who is Ethan Allen and what did he do at the beginning of the Revolution?

Ethan Allen was a Vermont Blacksmith. He decided to take action into his own hands and led the Green Mountain Boys, a band of Vermonters, to attack Fort Ticonderoga. He captured it and they won cannons, gunpowder, and control of a route to Canada, which w

Where was the Battle of Bunker Hill fought?

Breed's Hill

Why did the British need to get the colonists away from the hill?

The colonists had cannons and from Bunker Hill they could fire at British ships in the harbor.

What famous quote came out of this battle?

Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes" by William Prescott.

How was it that each side both won and lost?

The British won the actual battle, but the colonists won because the battle showed they were brave. They were able to push the British out twice and the only reason they stepped down was because they were out of ammo not because they weren't brave. The Br

Who was key to helping Washington get the British out of Boston?

Henry Knox

Where did General Howe go when he retreated?

Canada

Who were the two Generals that led the intrepid attack on Canada through the mountains of Maine?

General Richard Montgomery and Colonial Benedict Arnold.

Describe the difficulties of the invasion.

The attack failed when General Richard Montgomery died. Daniel Morgan came and almost saved the day, but failed.

Who won the Battle of Quebec?

The British won

How did the colonial victory in Montreal contribute to the winner in #72?

The colonist army became weak. They were cold and starving. Governor Carleton escaped and went to Quebec City. He secured Canada for the British.