Sugar Act
law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
Declaratory Act
Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
Stamp Act
1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans
Crispus Attucks
The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre, also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War
Samuel Adams
American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
Committees of Correspondence
Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parli
Boycott
refuse to buy
Townshend Acts
A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
Tea Act
Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Indians dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
Coercive Acts
1. port act closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for. 2. MA Govt act reduced the power of the MA legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. 3. Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the c
Intolerable Acts
colonists name for Coercive Acts
John Adams
Lawyer who defended British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trial. He believed in "innocent until proven guilty." In spite of these actions, he supported colonial independence.
Sons of Liberty
A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution
Daughters of Liberty
organization of colonial women formed to protest British policies
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town meetings
New England center of politics. used to discuss/decide local issues of local interest.
Assemblies
Organizations created in some colonies to pass laws
Pontiac's Rebellion
attempt by Native Indians to push white settlers out of the OH Valley
colonial courts
These were used in colonies to control local affairs and protect individual freedoms.
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
English Bill of Rights
document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament
Mercantilism
an economic system in which a nation becomes wealthy by selling more than in buys
Enlightenment
During this period thinkers used reason and logic to form ideas about how government should work
Great Awakening
religious movement that encouraged ideas of equality and the right to challenge authority
free enterprise
Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference
King Phillip's War (1675-1676)
Series of assaults by Metacomet, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.
French and Indian War
(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. Resulted in the English gaining Canada from the French
Treaty of Paris
ended the war and gave Canada and all French lands east of MS river to Britain with the exception of New Orleans and two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. From Spain, Britain received Florida
French
first Europeans to settle
along the St. Lawrence River
and trade furs with Native
Americans. Had a better trust relationship with the Native Indians
Chief Pontiac
Ottawa Indian who led a rebellion against the British occupying the western parts of the American colonies after the French & Indian War.
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Johnathan Edwards
Helped start great awakening
Navigation Acts
Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade
social impact of Great Awakening
unified various groups of Americans who shared same evangelical religious beliefs
New York
originally founded by the Dutch, but later taken by the English. New Netherland
Women's Contribution to economy
ran farms and businesses, practiced medicine, worked as nurses and midwives
William Penn
A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.
Quakers
aka Society of Friends; a radical Protestant sect; believed in equality of men and women before God, religious tolerance, and nonviolence. Pennsylvania was a refuge for them.
representative democracy
government example in PA
Slave contribution to economy
worked in cities at skilled crafts such as blacksmithing and carpentry
wheat, oats, and barley
The staple crops that supported the middle colonies
Middles Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Peter Stuyvesant
leader of the Dutch colony New Netherland
New Amsterdam
Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City
Huegonots
French Protestants
New Jersey Population
diverse with Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and Scots
Philidelphia
city of brotherly love; capital of PA
Delaware
region sold to Penn; located south of PA
staple crops
crops that are always needed
Indentured Servants
filled most of the Middle Colonies labor needs
Mayflower Compact
A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Pilgrims
Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
Anne Hutchinson
She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts.
New England Colonies Economy
Based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and, eventually, manufacturing.
Pilgrims migrated to America because...
To practice religious freedom. Everyone in England had to belong to the Church of England and they wanted to get away from that. Pilgrims were separatists.
New England farming
Subsistence Farming. Small farms. Family Member run. Rocky soil and long winters made it harder to farm. Profit came from logging, shipbuilding, fishing.
New England Forests
allowed shipbuilders to construct vessels to meet the demands of various traders.
Samoset
Native American leader and friend of the early colonists. He was the first to sell land to the Pilgrims
Squanto
Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.
Massasoit
Wampanoag chieftain and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving.
Education in the New England Colonies
important because families wanted kids to be able to read the Bible; created first public education system; Harvard and William & Mary
Bacon's Rebellion
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with back-country farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land
Toleration Act of 1649
A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America. Proposed by Lord Baltimore.
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Olaudah Equiano
a former slave who wrote about his experiences in the southern colonies
slaves
They were in large demand in the South due to the need for a large, agricultural workforce.
Powhatan Confederacy
Wahunsonacock led this alliance of Algonquian Indians. Brought food and taught the colonists.
cash crop
Many farms and plantations in the southern colonies grew these.
Headright System
System granting parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the London Influenced Company to attract more colonists.
James Oglethorpe
Founder and governor of the Georgia colony with hope of attracting small farmers to settle there.
Indentured Servants
People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually 4-7 years) and then would be fr
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
Influenced VA colonists to use slave labor
There were not enough indentured servants to meet the high demand .
Ended the Powhatan Confederacy
A VA colonist killed a Powhatan leader.
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Crusades change Europe
leads to increase trade with Asia
Ghana's Source Of Wealth
Grew rich from taxing the goods that traders carried through their territory. Especially gold and salt was taxed.
Ladders in Anasazi cliff dwellings
offered protection from enemies
Bering Land Bridge
A land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that was exposed during the most recent Ice Age when the waters of the Bering Strait receded.
Inca Empire
built miles of roads to connect their large territory
Florence, Genoa, Milan, Venice
Four main trade cities of
Italy
Hopewell and Mississippian
Mound building tribes that were skilled farmers and traders
Olmec
Known for their use of stone in architecture and sculpture
Iroquois League
A political confederation of five northeastern Native American nations which strengthen the Iroquois people
Northwest Native American group
totem poles were central to their religion
Native Americans on North America
had little interest in forming large political units like the Inca and Aztec
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Plato
Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens and wrote the Republic
The Republic
book written by Plato about an ideal government
Basis of feudalism in the Middles Ages
knights held land from a lord in exchange for military service
Mali
Like Ghana, was an important kingdom due to its geographical location
Mali's power
Mansa Musa, emphasis on location, expansion of trade
Printing Press
15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.
Direct Democracy
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Ideas of Greece and Rome
biggest influence on Renaissance thinking
Fall of Ghana kingdom
the Almoravids cut off its trade routes
Ghana kingdom formed
the Soninke families banded together for protection
Italy
origin of the Renaissance
Most important reason for sea routes to Asia
to bypass merchants who controlled Asian products
American Indian agriculture affected by Columbian Exchange
began to farm barley
Hernan Cortes
conquistador that conquered the Aztec
Columbian Exchange
the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa
Malintzin
Indian woman who helped Cortes win allies against the Aztecs
smallpox
often fatal disease that eliminated much of the Native American population
European diseases
caused the greatest number of Native American deaths
Cause of the slave trade
Many Native Americans were killed by European diseases and a new labor force was needed
Results of the slave trade
African communities were broken up, warfare increased among African kingdoms, enslaved Africans suffered terrible living conditions in other countries
Columbus' main purpose for his Atlantic exploration
claim land and wealth for Spain
Martin Luther
German monk who started the Protestant Reformation
printing press
a machine that produces printed copies
Bartolome de Las Casas
a priest who encouraged better treatment of Native Americans but encourage the use of African slaves
astrolabe
a tool that helped sailors use the sun and stars to find their location
encomienda system
was a way to reward settlers for their service to the Crown
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese navigator; first to sail around Africa to Asia
Northwest Passage
a waterway in North America thought to connect the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
NW Passage explorers
Henry Hudson, Jacques Cartier, John Cabot
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer who founded Quebec
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered the Incas
Stops in the journey of Christopher Columbus
Canary Islands, San Salvador, Hispaniola, Spain
charter
a document granting the recipient the right to settle a colony
Roanoke colony
The lost colony; English colony that mysteriously disappear
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
after his encounters with Native American groups, he later asked for better treatment of them.
Rene Robert de Las Salle
named the area around the Mississippi River Louisiana, in honor of the French King
Spanish Armada
a large fleet of Spanish ships that was defeated by England in 1588 even though Spain had 3 times the amount of ships
Purpose of the Spanish Armada
Spain wanted to invade England and overthrow Queen Elizabeth and the Anglican Church
Spain's religious allegiance
the pope and the Catholic Church
French treatment of Native Americans
better than other European settlers because they had a close trading relationship