Mamluks
former Turkish slaves in ottoman empire that later formed military class
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions.
Commodore Matthew Perry
A navy commander who became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.
Zaibatsu
powerful banking and industrial families in Japan
automatic loom
allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping
Charter Oath
A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur and politician who founded De Beers Diamonds and invested in cross continental African train project
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
British owned bank in Hong Kong colony focused on finance and investments
unilever corporation
british and dutch venture focusing on household goods (primarily soap)
Bessemer process
A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850
Karl Marx
founder of modern communism
Friedrick Engels
Co-founder of the Communist League and co-writer of the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx
communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
John Stuart Mill
criticized laissez-fair capitalism; reformer for safer conditions in the work place
Utilarianism
Mill's idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people (against capitalism)
Proletariat
working class
bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
bushido
the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai
genro
Elder statesmen
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan; destroyed power of Janissaries and initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents
Tanzimat
reorganization reforms in ottoman empire under Mahmud
Hatt-i Humayun
ottoman reform edict that updated legal system and declared equality
millets
Seperate legal courts pertaining to personal law under which minorities were allowed to rule themselves
Self-Strengthening Movement
qing dynasty's major reform effort to modernize china
Hundred Days of Reform
A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge
Empress Cixi
Empress of China who originally opposed reforms
spinning jenny
A machine that could spin several threads at once(james hargreaves)
water frame
used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel(richard arkwright)
Enclosure Movement
practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings
Manchester and Liverpool
the first major railway connection; urban areas hotspot for workforce and history
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role
company rule
the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent