Embargo Act of 1807
Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. Forced Britain and France. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina Senator
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Magellan
This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world
James Oglethorpe
Founder of the Georgia Colony, so poor/criminals could start over
Cortes
Led Spanish against aztecs
Henry the Navigator
set up center for astronomical and geographical studies
Walter Raleigh
Sent two different groups to Roanoke island
Thomas Hooker
Founder of Connecticut
Balboa
First European to reach the Pacific Ocean
George Calvert
Founder of the colony of Maryland
Roger Williams
Escaped Massachusetts and founder of Rhode Island
Henry Hudson
Established settlement on Manhattan Island for the Dutch
Pizarro
Led Spanish to conquer the Inca empire
Vasco da Gama
First to round the southern tip of Africa and reach southwest India
Amerigo Vespucci
Sailing along the coast of South America, realized that it wasn't a part of India
John Winthrop
Created a puritan colony in Massachusetts
Champlain
Founded Quebec, became capital of New France
Pope Alexander VI
Established a line of demarcation in the Atlantic which said Portugal controlled everything east of that line and Spain everything west
New England Colonies
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire
Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Southern Colonies
Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Anasazi
Ancient ones" lived in Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Hampshire
Iroquois Confederacy
alliance formed between the five nations in western New York
The Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk
The Iroquois Confederacy was made up of
Huron
Iroquois' common enemy
Monks Mound
Largest Mississippian's pyramid
tribute
Aztecs demanded payment called
pueblos
buildings of adobe and cut stone
Beringia
land bridge that connected Asia and Alaska
Maya Civilization
emerged in the Yucatan Peninsula and expanded into what is now Central America and Southern mexico
Hohokam
Native in south central Arizona that built irrigation canals
Mesoamerica
Central and Southern Mexico and Central America
Columbian Exchange
Complex interactions between peoples and environments of Europe and the Americas
Olmecs
The first civilization to appear in Mesoamerica
Quebec Act
Stated that Quebec's border would include today's Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin
Battle of Monmouth
the largest battle of the war
Battle of Bunker Hill
built American confidence by proving the militia could stand up to one of the world's most feared armies
Currency Act of 1764
banned the use of paper money in the colonies
Battle of Trenton
Washington's first victory, attack on British and Hessians
Battle of Kings Mountain
Colonial Militia defeated the British and it was a turning point in the War in the south
Battle of Yorktown
British surrender here and marked the end of the war
Valley Forge
Continental Army's winter camp
Tea Act
refunded four-fifths of the taxes the British East India Company has to pay to ship tea and it also allowed the company to sell tea directly to shopkeepers
Townshend Acts
taxed paint, lead, paper and glass-passed in 1767
Lexington and Concord
First military action of the war, British and Militia fought April 19 1775
Stamp Act
taxed certain printed materials such as newspapers, calendars, pamphlets and wills-1765
Prohibitory Act
shut down trade with the colonies and ordered a naval blockade
American Revenue Act
Raised taxes on raw sugar and molasses
George Washington
1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States, wrote virginia statue for religious freedom
Cabinet
A group of advisers to the president.
Henry Knox
Washington's Secretary of War
Edmund Randolph
Attorney General
Judicial Act of 1789
This act established a federal court system with 13 districts courts and 3 circuit courts. State law would remain, but federal courts would have the power to reverse state decisions.
John Jay
1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington
revenue
income
George Mason
was an Anti-Federalist who strongly opposed the ratification of the Constitution.
Tarriff of 1789
was suppose to increase revenue and not protect American manufacturers from foreign competition
Speculators
People who invest in a risky venture in the hope of making a large profit
enumerated powers
The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.
limited power
limits the actions of the government by listing the powers they do not have
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers
Bank of the US (1791)
established by hamilton, opposed by jefferson, lasted for 20 years and attracted investors, created the U.S currency, official place where the government can keep all their money in the same place
Federalists
backed stronger Govt and manufacturers, supporters of Hamilton
Democratic-Republicans
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank
Agrarianism
philosophy that agriculture and owning land is the backbone of the economy
French Radicals
Who had seized control of the French government in the spring of 1793, which soured American support for the French Revolution?
Treaty of 1778 (France)
Washington declared US "friendly ad impartial" US defended French colonies in Carribean
Jay's Treaty (1794)
Prevented war with Great Britain, protected American economy, implemented by Washington
Pinckney's Treaty (1795)
Between U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
Little Turtle
Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace
Anthony Wayne
American general who defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
led by general Anthony Wayne, thus US army defeated the Shawnee, Ottowan, Chippewa; resulted in the treaty of Greenville in which the chiefs surrendered claims to the Ohio territory
Blue Jacket
Shawnee Chief-led attack on Anthony Wayne's troops at Battle of Fallen Timber and LOST
Treaty of Greenville
This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Anthony Wayne was the American representative.
John Adams
2nd president, avoided war, negotiated with France
Charles Pinckney
Sent by Adam to Paris to negotiate French Govt., , with Gerry and Marshall
Elbridge Gerry
negotiated French Govt with Pinckney, & Marshall
John Marshall
Negotiated French Govt with Gerry and Pinckney
XYZ affair
Outcome was suspended trade with France, sent Navy ship to capture French ships
Quasi-War Resolutions
Federalists passed alien & sedation acts. 5-14 years to become citizen, Pres can deport alien without trial
convention of 1800
Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president
Kentucky and Virginia
The two state legislatures that passed resolutions against the Alien & Sedition Acts
Nullification
invalid, if Fed. govt passed unconstitutional law, state could nullify
Interposition
state can intervene between the federal government and the people to stop an illegal action
Aaron Burr
Tied Jefferson in electoral votes, killed Hamilton in duel
Election of 1800
Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase from France for $15million. Made by Jefferson, doubled the size of the US.
Lewis and Clark
Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase
Sacagawea
Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark
York
slave who explored with Lewis and Clark
Pike
He was a man who explored the Southern part of the Louisiana Territory and was caught by the Spanish thinking he was spy
Essex Junto
Extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from U.S. and form Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase
Judiciary Act of 1789
A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system.
Samuel Chase
Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and appointed by John Adams
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Increased power of Supreme Court by John Marshall and ruled part of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional (as in Marbury v. Madison)
Impressment
British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Act that forbade trade with France and Britain.
War Hawks
Those who were eager for war with Britain
Henry Clay
From Kentucky, ran for president 5 times.. Strong supporter of American System, war hawk for the War of 1812, known as "The Great Compromiser.
John C. Calhoun
From South Carolina, War Hawk
Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief who tried to unite Native American tribes
The Prophet
Bother of Tecumeseh, called for spiritual rebirth of Native Am cultures
Tippecanoe River
The Prophet's followers lived in Prophetstown on this river in Indiana.
William Henry Harrison
Gov of Indiana, marched troops to Prophetstown. This battle hurt confidence of Native Am beliefs in prophet
War of 1812
Western farmers felt war w/Britain would ENABLE us to seize Canada and end Native Am attacks.
Oliver Perry
He built a fleet of ships on Lake Erie in Ohio.
Francis Scott Key
Lawyer and poet who wrote Star Spangled Banner
Hartford Convention 1814
Federalists agreed to oppose the war and send delegates to meet with Congress
Andrew Jackson
Am Commander who used COTTON BALES that absorbed British bullets, American got victory
Battle of New Orleans
Jackson led battle when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans 1815, and helped destroy Federalist party.
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions