Opium War
War fought between 1839-1842; fought between China and Great Britain over British smuggling of opium into China
Indian National Congress
The first nationalist political party developed in India
Meiji Restoration
Period in which Japan experienced a rapid modernization and industrialization
Assimilation
The process of absorbing minority cultures into a dominant, prevailing culture
Boxer Rebellion
Rebellion in 1900 in China; conflict to try and expel foreign (Western) control and influence in China
East India Company
Powerful British trading company that dominated India
Sepoy Rebellion
Rebellion in India in 1857; Indian soldiers serving under British command in India revolted against British rule
Berlin Conference
The meeting of European nations in 1884-1885 to establish "ground rules" for the dividing up control of Africa between European countries
Suez Canal
Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea; becomes a site of territorial dispute between Egypt and European powers (especially Great Britain)
Protectorate
A kind of imperialism; territories have their own governments and technically function independently, but are guided or protected by another nation
White Man's Burden
Nation used to support and justify European imperialism; idea that it is the job of white Europeans to educate and civilize non-whites/non-Europeans in Africa and Asia
Open Door Policy
Policy that opens China up to international trade, primarily with Western powers like the U.S. and Great Britain
Colonies
A kind of imperialism; territories are under direct control by other nations or imperial powers
David Livingstone
Christian missionary who provided a great deal of information about Africa to Europeans due to his first-hand experiences in Africa
Matthew Perry
U.S. naval officer whose arrival in Japan "convinced" Japan to open its ports to international trade
Monroe Doctrine
Issued by James Monroe in 1823; acknowledged independence of Latin American nations post-revolutions and positioned the U.S. as the most powerful nation in the Western Hemisphere
Sphere of Influence
A kind of imperialism; imperial power/nation has exclusive trading rights to a territory but does not actually directly govern or control that territory
Who was South Africa controlled by? Where is it located?
Controlled by Great Britain;
Who was India controlled by? Where is it located?
Controlled by Great Britain;
Who was Congo controlled by? Where is it located?
Controlled by Belgium;
Who was Algeria controlled by? Where is it located?
Controlled by France;
Who was Kenya controlled by? Where is it located?
Controlled by Great Britain;
What did industrialized nations want from the rest of the world?
Stronger countries dominated political, economic, and social life of weaker countries
What forces drove Europeans to want to create empires around the world?
1. Economic Factors - Industrial Revolution provided Europeans the need for larger markets
2. Political Factors - Territory = power
3. Social Factors - Empires were viewed as a measure of national greatness
How were Europeans able to conquer so many territories around the world?
1. Technological superiority (maxim gun - world's first automatic machine gun), steam engines
Describe the differences between a colony, protectorate, and sphere of influence
1. Colony: an area directly governed by the home European country
2. Protectorate: a country left to govern itself but controlled (protected) by a foreign country
3. Sphere of influence: an area not controlled by but influenced by a foreign country, where
Why was it easy for the British to conquer India in the 1800's?
The East India Company was formed by the British. Through the British East India Company, Britain began establishing control in India in mid-1700s after kicking out the French.
Britain established a monopoly on Indian exports (tea, cotton, spices)
What country did the US force to open for trade in the mid 1800s?
China
Describe the Opium Wars, their causes, and their results, including the Treaty of Nanjing
The British sent Opium to China. Many Chinese people became heavily addicted, which resulted in the Chinese asking the British to stop bringing in Opium. Britain refuses to stop bringing Opium and goes to wear with China, called the Opium Wars. Britain ea
What were the Boer Wars?
The British and Boers (Dutch farmers) disagreed on policies regarding land and slaves in the Cape of Good Hope (Southern tip of Africa). Great Trek - forcing of thousands of Boers from the southern tip. Boers were unable to keep out invaders and blamed th
Why did the Europeans want to colonize Africa specifically?
1. Africa was a potential source of Natural Resources (Rubber, Timber, Metals)
2. Advances in medicine allow Europeans to explore without getting diseases
How did India gain its independence from Britain?
1. Sepoy Rebellion provided the spark for independence
2. Amritsar Massacre
3. 1930, Gandhi led the people of India on a 240 march to beaches of South India
Once there, Indians began producing their own salt to cut off need for British-manufactured salt
What is the Amritsar Massacre?
British pass law to stop large gatherings of people, 10,000 Indian people meet in a walled garden, British Commander blocks exits and orders gunfire, 1000 killed, 1200 wounded
Who were the 3 leaders of the Indian Independence movement?
Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohammad Ali Jinnah