Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Proletariat
The working class
Dictatorship
A form of government in which a person or small group has absolute power
Revisionist
A Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism
Feminism
The movement for women's rights
Literacy
The ability to read
Ministerial responsibility
The idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected executive body and not to the executive officer
Duma
The Russian legislative assembly
Psychoanalysis
A method by which a therapist and patient probe deeply into the patient's memory
Pogrom
Organized persecution or massacre of a minority group, especially Jews
Modernism
A movement in which writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance
Imperialism
The extension of a nation's power over other lands
Protectorate
A political unit that depends on another government for its protection
Indirect rule
Colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status
Direct rule
Colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country
Annex
Incorporate territory into an existing political unit, such as a city or country
Indigenous
Native to a region
Sepoy
an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's interests in the region
Viceroy
A governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
Creole
A person of European descent born in the Americas and living there permanently