Imperialism
the extension of a nation's power over lands
Protectorate
a political unit that depends on another government for its protection
Indirect Rule
colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status
Direct Rule
a system of government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country
King Mongkut
promoted Western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers
King Chulalongkom
promoted Western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers.
Commodore George Dewey
defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
Emilio Aguinaldo
the leader of a movement for independence in
the Philippines. He began his revolt against the Spanish. When the United States acquired the Philippines, Aguinaldo continued the revolt and set himself up as the president of the Republic of the Philippines.
Annex
incorporate territory into an existing political unit, such as a city or country
Indigenous
native to a region
Muhammad Ali
seized power and established a separate Egyptian state; introduced a series of reforms to bring Egypt into the modern world. He modernized the army, set up a public school system, and helped create small industries in refined sugar, textiles, munitions, a
David Livingstone
arrived in Africa in 1841; spent 30 years trekking through uncharted regions; spent much of his time exploring the interior of the continent
Henry Stanley
New York Herald journalist who set out (and succeeded) to find David Livingstone after he diappeared
Zulu
indigenous people of South Africa who frequently battled the Boers
Sepoy
an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's in the region
Viceroy
a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
Queen Victoria
given the title of Empress of India
Mohandas Gandhi
studied in London and became a lawyer; went to South Africa to work in a law firm serving Indian workers; stood against the racial exploitation of Indians living in South Africa.
Creole
a person of European descent born in the Americas and living there permanently
Peninsulare
a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe
Mestizo
a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent
Monroe Doctrine
the United States policy guaranteeing the independence of Latin American nations and warning against European intervention in the Americas, made by President James Monroe in 1823
Caudillo
in postrevolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite
Jos� de San Martin
South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru
Sim�n Boliviar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
Antonio L�pez de Santa Anna
Played leading role in Mexico's fight for independence from Spain in 1821 & fights to keep Texas in Mexico later on
Benito Ju�rez
Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico