proto-industrialization
Prelimnary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full or part tome producers of textile and metal products; working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials,work orders and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants;
American Revolution
Rebellion of American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and the eventual formation of the United States of America
French Revolution
Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; est. of the French empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements
Louis XVI
Louis the 16th (1754-1973)- Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the Radical phase of the French Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens ; became a source for liberal movements
guillotine
intro. as a humane execution; utilized to execute thousands of people during the radical phase of the French Revolution
nationalism
political viewpoint that originated in Western Europe; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race or ethnic origin
Napoleon Bonaparte
rose in the French army during the French Revolution; eventually became a general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and est. an empire under his rule
Congress of Vienna
meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability and settle diplomatic disputes
liberal
Political viewpoint with origins in western europe in the 19th century; Stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of parliament and constitutional rule
radical
Political viewpoint with origins in western europe in the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower class
Greek Revolution
Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling Ottoman rule in the Balkans
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation passed on Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britian
Chartist Movement
Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840's; demands the reforms beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions
Louis Pasteur
French scientist who discovered the relationship between germs and diseases which improved sanitation
American Civil War
fought from 1861-1865' first application of the Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in the abolition of slaves in the U.S and the reunification of the North and South
Trasformismo
political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliances of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo
socialism
Political movement with origins in western europe in the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production ; end to capitalist exploitation of the working man
Karl Marx
(1818-1883)- German socialist who blasted earlier forms of socialism as a utopia; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarion
revisionism
socialist movements that at last tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved through political institutions
feminist movements
sought gains for women; including equal access to professions, higher education, the right to vote; won support mainly from middle class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century
Mass Leisure
an aspect of the later industrial revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports
Charles Darwin
Biologist who developed the theory of evolution in 1859; argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival
Romanticism
Artistic and literary movement in the 19th century of Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflections
Triple Alliance
Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system prior to World War I
Triple Entente
alliance among Britain, Russia and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
Balkan Nationalism
Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman empire; provoked a series of crisis within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I
Mataram
Kingdom that controlled interior of Java in 17th century; Dutch East Indian Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670's allowed Dutch to exert control all over Java
Sepoys
Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited mainly from various warlike peoples of India
British Raj
British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India
Plassey
Battle in 1757 between troops of of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory marked the rise of British control over northern India
Robert Clive
(1725-1774) Architect of British victory at Plassey in 1757; est. foundations of British Raj in northern India (18th century)
Nabobs
Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through grafts and exploitation
Lord Charles Cornwallis
Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790's; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption
Ram Mohun Roy
Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati
Isandhlwana
Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over Western Europe
Tropical dependencies
Colonies with substantial indigenous populations that are ruled by small European political and military minority with the assistance of colonized bureaucrats, soldiers, clerks and servants
Settlement Colonies
areas such as North American and Australia that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of Europeans migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decismt d the indigenous inhabitants
White Dominions
Colonies in which European settlers made up overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North American and Australian growing independe
White Racial Supremacy
Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer
Natal
British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur in South Africa around 1900; manipulates political situation in South Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics: encouraged Boer War as means of destroying Boer independence
Boer War
(1899-1902) a war in which Great Britain defeated the Boers of South Africa; but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa
James Cook
Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777-1779 resulting in opening of Islands to the west; convinced Kamehameha to est. unified kingdom in the islands
Otto Von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
Luddites
Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.
Maximilien Robespierre
He was a lawyer and a member of the National Convention. The leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; headed the prosecution of the king and then took over the leader of the government; sponsored the Reign of Terror
French Revolution of 1830
Second revolution against Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy
Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic.
Revolutions of 1848
A series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848
French Revolution of 1848
A wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the creation of the French Second Republic.
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Founded Bolivia. Agreed to emancipation in order to draw slaves and freemen to his cause and to gain supplies from Haiti.
Industrial Revolution
The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
Pacific Tragedies
Demographic disasters and social disruption as a result of colonization in the Pacific
Movement
a group of people working together to advance their shared political, social, or artistic ideas.
proto-industrialization
Prelimnary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full or part tome producers of textile and metal products; working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials,work orders and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants;
American Revolution
Rebellion of American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and the eventual formation of the United States of America
French Revolution
Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; est. of the French empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements
Louis XVI
Louis the 16th (1754-1973)- Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the Radical phase of the French Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens ; became a source for liberal movements
guillotine
intro. as a humane execution; utilized to execute thousands of people during the radical phase of the French Revolution
nationalism
political viewpoint that originated in Western Europe; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race or ethnic origin
Napoleon Bonaparte
rose in the French army during the French Revolution; eventually became a general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and est. an empire under his rule
Congress of Vienna
meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability and settle diplomatic disputes
liberal
Political viewpoint with origins in western europe in the 19th century; Stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of parliament and constitutional rule
radical
Political viewpoint with origins in western europe in the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower class
Greek Revolution
Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling Ottoman rule in the Balkans
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation passed on Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britian
Chartist Movement
Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840's; demands the reforms beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions
Louis Pasteur
French scientist who discovered the relationship between germs and diseases which improved sanitation
American Civil War
fought from 1861-1865' first application of the Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in the abolition of slaves in the U.S and the reunification of the North and South
Trasformismo
political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliances of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo
socialism
Political movement with origins in western europe in the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production ; end to capitalist exploitation of the working man
Karl Marx
(1818-1883)- German socialist who blasted earlier forms of socialism as a utopia; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarion
revisionism
socialist movements that at last tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved through political institutions
feminist movements
sought gains for women; including equal access to professions, higher education, the right to vote; won support mainly from middle class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century
Mass Leisure
an aspect of the later industrial revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports
Charles Darwin
Biologist who developed the theory of evolution in 1859; argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival
Romanticism
Artistic and literary movement in the 19th century of Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflections
Triple Alliance
Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system prior to World War I
Triple Entente
alliance among Britain, Russia and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
Balkan Nationalism
Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman empire; provoked a series of crisis within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I
Mataram
Kingdom that controlled interior of Java in 17th century; Dutch East Indian Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670's allowed Dutch to exert control all over Java
Sepoys
Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited mainly from various warlike peoples of India
British Raj
British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India
Plassey
Battle in 1757 between troops of of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory marked the rise of British control over northern India
Robert Clive
(1725-1774) Architect of British victory at Plassey in 1757; est. foundations of British Raj in northern India (18th century)
Nabobs
Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through grafts and exploitation
Lord Charles Cornwallis
Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790's; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption
Ram Mohun Roy
Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati
Isandhlwana
Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over Western Europe
Tropical dependencies
Colonies with substantial indigenous populations that are ruled by small European political and military minority with the assistance of colonized bureaucrats, soldiers, clerks and servants
Settlement Colonies
areas such as North American and Australia that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of Europeans migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decismt d the indigenous inhabitants
White Dominions
Colonies in which European settlers made up overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North American and Australian growing independe
White Racial Supremacy
Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer
Natal
British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur in South Africa around 1900; manipulates political situation in South Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics: encouraged Boer War as means of destroying Boer independence
Boer War
(1899-1902) a war in which Great Britain defeated the Boers of South Africa; but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa
James Cook
Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777-1779 resulting in opening of Islands to the west; convinced Kamehameha to est. unified kingdom in the islands
Otto Von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
Luddites
Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.
Maximilien Robespierre
He was a lawyer and a member of the National Convention. The leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; headed the prosecution of the king and then took over the leader of the government; sponsored the Reign of Terror
French Revolution of 1830
Second revolution against Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy
Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic.
Revolutions of 1848
A series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848
French Revolution of 1848
A wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orleans monarchy and led to the creation of the French Second Republic.
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Founded Bolivia. Agreed to emancipation in order to draw slaves and freemen to his cause and to gain supplies from Haiti.
Industrial Revolution
The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
Pacific Tragedies
Demographic disasters and social disruption as a result of colonization in the Pacific
Movement
a group of people working together to advance their shared political, social, or artistic ideas.