IQ Test
Mental Age divided by chronological age X 100.
Eugenics
Belief in selective breeding in order to improve the human race. Used tests such as Army Alpha and Army Beta to attempt to measure intelligence, instead had cultural bias and measured achievement rather than raw intelligence. Terman, Galton, and Yerkes
Test Worthiness
how good a test actually is based on validity, reliability, cross-cultural fairness, and practicality
Correlation
relationship between two sets of scores, range between -1.00 to +1.00. The closer to 0 shows no relationship between the variables.
Positive Correlation
correlation that moves in the same direction
Negative Correlation
what type of correlation moves in opposite direction?
Scatterplot
Graph showing two or more sets of test scores
Histograms
Bar graph of class intervals and frequency of a set of scores
Frequency Polygons
Line graph of class intervals and frequency of a set of scores
Validity
evidence supporting the use of test scores- How well does a test measure what it's supposed to measure
Content Validity
Evidence that test items represent the proper domain- Is the content of the test valid for what type of test that it is?
Face Validity
Superficial appearance of a test- not true validity
Criterion-Related Validity
Relationship between test scores and another standard
two types of criterion related validity
concurrent validity and predictive validity
Concurrent validity
Relationship between test scores another currently obtainable benchmark, "here and now"- example asking test takers family how much they test taker drinks
Predictive validity
Relationship between test scores and a future standard
Construct Validity
Evidence that an idea or concept (construct) is being measured by a test. (such as intelligence)
Four types of construct validity
experimental design validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, factor analysis. What type of validity?
Experimental Design Validity
Using experimentation to show that a test measures a concept
Convergent validity
relationship between a test and other similar tests (You don't want too high of a correlation because the test would be exactly the same). -positive correlation between your test and another one similar in nature
Reliability:
amount of freedom from measurement error- consistency of test scores
Test-Retest Reliability
Relationship between scores from one test given at two different administrations. (consistency after two administrations)
Alternate, Parallel, or Equivalent forms of Reliability:
Relationship between scores from two different versions of the same test - challenge is making sure tests are equal in difficulty and content
Internal Consistency
Reliability measured statistically by going "within" the test.
Split-half reliability or Odd-Even reliability
Correlating one half of a test against the other half or doing even or odd
Coefficient alpha or Kuder-Richardson
Reliability based on a mathematical comparison of individual items with one another and total score. A type of internal consistency
Practicality
Feasibility considerations in test selection and administration. Time, Cost, Format, Readability, Ease of Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation
Cross-cultural Fairness
Degree to which cultural background, class, disability, and gender do not affect test results
Sources of picking out a test
Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook:
Tests in Print: companion volume
What does these books help do?
Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook
Provides reviews of many tests to include information of the construction, validity, reliability and usefulness of the test.
PL94-142
The Education Act for All Handicapped Children
-passed in 1975 and assured children would get free education, least restrictive environment (LRE), get Individualized Education Plan (IEP), and right to be tested
IDEA, Individuals with Disabilities Act,
assures right to be tested for learning disabilities in
school. Accommodations for his/her disability in the least restrictive environment
FERPA (Buckley Amendment)
Affirms right to access test records in the school possible.
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
accommodations for testing must be made. Prohibits discrimination in employment, public services, public transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications for individuals with disabilities.
Griggs v. Duke Power Company:
asserted that tests used for hiring and advancement at work must show that they can predict job performance for all groups.
Carl Perkins Act
Ensures access to vocational assessment, counseling, and placement. (disabilities, economically disadvantaged, nontraditional fields, single parents, displaced homemakers, individuals with limited English proficiency
Freedom of Information Act
Affirms right to access federal and state records
Army Alpha/Army Beta
First modern group test- used during WWI, bias and cultural Unfairness. and there is a the language-free version of the test (form boards and mazes).
z-score
Standard score with a mean of 0 and a SD of 1
Tests
Instruments that yield scores based on collected data- a subset of assessment
Assessment of ability
tests that measure what a person can do in the cognitive realm
Achievement Testing
tests that measure what one has learned
Types of achievement tests
what type of tests are survey battery tests, diagnostic tests, readiness tests?
Survey Battery Tests
Tests, usually given in school settings, which measure broad, content areas. Often used to assess progress in school.
Diagnostic Tests
Tests that assess problem areas of learning. Often used to assess learning disabilities.
Readiness Tests
Tests that measure one's readiness for moving ahead in school. Often used to assess readiness to enter first great.
Aptitude Testing
Tests that measure what one is capable of learning.
Types of Aptitude Tests
Multiple aptitude test
Specialized aptitude
intellectual and cognitive functioning tests
cognitive ability tests
Intellectual and Cognitive Functioning Tests
Tests that measure a broad range of cognitive functioning in the following domains: general intelligence, intellectual disabilities, giftedness, and changes in overall cognitive functioning. Includes intelligence testing that leads to an IQ score and neur
Cognitive Ability Tests
Tests that measure a broad range of cognitive ability. These tests are usually based on what a student has learned in school and are useful in making predictions about the future. Type of aptitude test.
Special Aptitude Tests
Tests that measure one aspect of ability. Often useful in determining the likelihood of success in a vocation. Type of aptitude test
Personality Assessment
Tests in the affective realm use to assess habits, temperament, likes and dislikes, character, and similar behaviors.
Types of personality assessments
Objective personality tests, projective personality tests, interest inventories, informational assessment instruments
Objective Personality
Multiple choice and true-false test that assess various aspects of personality. Often used to increase client insight, to identify psychopathology, and to assist in treatment planning.
Projective Personality Tests
Tests that present a stimulus to which individuals an respond. Often used to identify psychopathology ad to assist in treatment planning.
Interest Inventories
Tests that measure likes and dislikes as well as one's personality orientation toward the world of work. Generally used in career counseling.
Informational Assessment Instruments:
Often developed by the user, these tests tend to assess broad areas of ability or personality and tend to be specific to the testing situation.
Strong
Founder of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank- derivative still used today. Most well-known interest inventory
Rorschach
Developed famous Rorschach Inkblot test
Strong Vocational Interest Blank- derivative
Most well-known interest inventory
Parsons
Leader in vocational counseling, aptitude tests
Murray
Developed Thematic Apperception Test, which asks a subject to view a number of standard pictures and create a story that explains the situation.
Jung:
Used word associations to identify mental illnesses
Woodworth
Created Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet which is the First modern personality inventory used in WWI
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
first modern personality inventory used in WWI, ancestor of personality tests. Screened for mental illness
Thorndike
Developer of the Stanford Achievement Test, pioneer in modern day education and psychological testing
Cattell
Brought statistics to mental testing- coined term mental test
Esquirol
Used language to identify intelligence- forerunner to "Verbal IQ", idiocy and intellectual disabilities
Wundt
Developed one of the first psychological laboratories
Galton
Examined relationship of sensory motor responses to intelligence, concept of correlation coefficient (strength of relationship among individuals)
Binet
Created first modern intelligence test, "subnormal children" into French schools
Yerkes
Chairman of the committee that developed the Army Alpha
Terman
Enhanced Binet's work to create Standford-Binet Intelligence Test, created IQ (intelligence quotient)
Conant
Developed SAT to equalize educational opportunities
Segui:
Developed the form board to increase motor control- forerunner of "performance IQ
Standard Error of Measurement:
The range of scores where we would expect a person's score to fall if he or she took the instrument over and over again�in other words, where a "true" score might lie. It is calculated by taking the square root of 1 minus the reliability and multiplying t
Mean
Arithmetic average of a set of scores
Median
Score where 50% fall above and 50% below
Mode
Most frequently occurring score
Range
Difference between highest and lowest score plus 1
The median
n a skewed distribution, which is a better measure of central tendency (mean median or mode)
Interquartile Range
Middle 50% of scores around the median
Standard Deviation
How scores vary from the mean
Factor analysis
another method to show construct validity, demonstrates the statistical relationship among subscales or items of a test.
Percentiles
A method of comparing raw scores to a norm group by calculating the percentage of people falling below an obtained score, with ranges from 1 to 99, and 50 being the mean.
C
Which is not an important "rule" highlighted in the text?
a) Raw scores are meaningless
b) God did not role dice with the universe
c) Normative scores are only meaningful if you compare them to raw scores *
d) Z-scores are golden
e) Don't mix apples and o
Developmental Scores
Direct comparison of an individual's score to the average scores of others at the same age or grade level. Examples include age comparison and grade equivalent scoring.
Age comparison score
Comparison of individual score to average score of others at the same age
Grade equivalent
Comparison of individual score to average score of others at the same grade level
Observation
Observing an individual in order to develop a deeper understanding of one or more specific behaviors (e.g., observing a student's acting-out behavior in class or assessing a client's ability to perform eye-hand coordination tasks as a means of determining
Rating Scales
Scales developed to assess any of a number of attributes of the examinee. Can be rated by the examinee or someone who knows the examinee well (e.g., rating a faculty member's teaching ability or a student's ability to make empathic responses)
Classification Methods
A tool whereby an individual identifies whether he or she has, or does not have, specific attributes or characteristics (e.g., from a list, checking adjectives that seem to be most like you).
Environmental Assessment
A naturalistic and systemic approach to assessment in which information about clients is collected from their home, work, school, or other places through observation, self-reports, and checklists.
Records and Personal Documents
Items such as diaries, personal journals, genograms, and school records that are examined to gain a broader understanding of an individual.
Performance-Based Assessment
The evaluation of an individual using informal assessment procedures based on real-world activities that are not highly loaded for cognitive skills. These procedures are seen as an alternative to standardized testing (e.g., a portfolio).
observation, rating scales, classification methods, environmental assessments, records & personal documents, performance-based assessment
What are some types of Informal Assessment Instruments?
Discriminant validity
when something shows a lack of relationship between a test and other dissimilar tests.
Assessment
a broad array of evaluative procedures that yield information about a person
T score
mean of 50 SD 10
DIQ
used for IQ tests mean 100 SD 15
stanines
used in schools and achievement tests mean 5 SD 2
sten scores
used for personality inventories mean 5.5 SD 2
norm curve equivalent
used in educational settings mean 50 SD 21.06
SAT
mean 500 SD 100
ACT
mean 21 SD 5
Publisher type scores
test developers generate their own score