use of cold as a treatment is called ___________
cryotherapy
during cold treatment, the clinical term is called ________
Retrostasis
during cold treatment, when referring to the action on the blood vessels is called __________, which causes a removal of blood & wastes
vasoconstriction
brief applications of cold are between ___ to ___ min's
1 to 10 min's
brief applications of cold are used to achieve __________ effects
reflex
brief applications of cold are __________
Stimulating
brief applications of cold are used to _________ resp, heart, BP and muscle tone
Increase
brief applications of cold cause a __________ in metabolic activity
Decrease
brief applications of cold cause __________ in leukocyte migration through capillary walls (pain)
Decrease
prolonged applications of cold are __________
Sedating
prolonged applications of cold __________ metabolic activity, breathing rate, heart rate, BP, nerve firing, pain, muscle spindle & muscle spasm
Decrease
prolonged applications of cold __________ joint stiffness
Increase
prolonged applications of cold __________ pliability in connective tissue & scar tissue
Decrease
during vasoconstriction, ___________ ___________ vasodilate and redirect blood flow from the surface to the core
shunt valves
What are examples of the bodies heat conservation reflex;
-shivering
-goose bumps/ piloerector response
-decreased breathing
Cyclic periods of vasodilation and vasoconstriction to help resist cold-induced damage is called the __________ __________
hunting response
the
hunting response
is achieved when tissue temp is reduced for ___ to ___ min or longer OR when tissue is brought below ___ C
12, 15
10C
the hunting response is achieved when tissue temp is brought below ___ C
10
vasoconstriction is an example of __________ derivation
passive
the hunting response is an example of __________ derivation
active
the hunting response will only happen if the subject has a _________ internal temperature
warm
nonspecific reaction to tissue damage regardless of the type of damage stimulus is referred to as __________
inflammation
inflammation functions to __________ of foreign bodies and __________ from spreading beyond the site
dispose
prevent
inflammation __________ the injured tissue for __________
prepares
repair
inflammation causes __________
pain
Cardinal signs of inflammation uses the acronym __________
SHARP
SHARP is:
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain
the 3 stages of inflammation are __________, __________ & __________
acute
subacute
chronic
all five cardinal signs of inflammation are present (SHARP)
Acute stage
regeneration stage, healing and wound repair are initiated. diminishing signs of inflammation, any bruising starts to change colour and resolve. ROM begins to increase but pain is experienced when tissue resistance is encountered. tissue remains fragile
Sub-Acute
scar tissue and healing stage.
few visible signs of inflammation at the site, some cool edema and point tenderness. with scar tissue more pronounced at the injured site.
reduced ROM can persist b/c of local adhesions and /or muscle guarding.
prolonged sym
Chronic
acute inflammation is experienced during the first ___ to ___ hours
24, 48
subacute inflammation is experienced after ___ hours
72
chronic inflammation indicates that tissue has _____ healed or has been __________
not
re-injured
chronic inflammation is experienced after ___ to ___ weeks and can continue for up to ___ to ___ years (or longer). Prolonged symptoms indicate that tissue has not healed or re-injured
1,2
1,2
General rule for for inflamation stages & treatment
Cold for Acute
Contrast for Sub-Acute
Heat for Chronic
a build-up of lymph fluid is called __________
edema
signs of edema included __________, __________ & __________
puffiness
heat
stiffness
Inflammation vs. Edema
with inflammation you have edema, but edema on it's own is not considered inflammation
a common acronym for acute injury therapy is __________
RICE
RICE is:
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Factors that influence cold's effects
1. Temp of application
2. Temp of individual
3. Duration of application
4. Size of treatment area
5. Adipose tissue
during a cryotherapy ice massage, a person will experience the acronym __________
C-BAN
C-BAN is:
Cold (Intense)
Burning
Aching
Numbness (Analgesia)
an ice massage should be applied at a rate of ___ Inches per second
4
larger areas should be divided into smaller areas of no more than ___ Inches in diameter
6
do not ice massage over a __________ prominence
bony
Indications for cold
management of inflammation, especially acute (0-48hrs)
pain relief, analgesic effect
fever
headaches
muscular pain
acute strains/sprains
acute tendonitis
acute soft tissue trauma
CI's for cold
unwilling client
analgesic drugs
severe varicose veins
decreased sensory awareness
sensory impairment
cold hypersensitivity
gangrene
superficial pins, wires, rods
Informed consent
it is incredibly important that a client is qualified for a particular treatment. once qualified and treatment goals are decided upon, the specific treatment must be explained. Both the benefits and risks must be communicated to the client. The client mus