Joints of the foot?
Subtalar, midtarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal, rays of forefoot.
DEE?
Pronation (dorsiflexion, external rotation, eversion)
PII?
supination (plantarflexion, internal rotation, inversion)
Motion at ankle joint?
flexion/extension
Rotation is ?
is a combination of motions
Major motion at subtalar is?
inversion and eversion
Subtalar joint is a ?
triplanar axis
Subtalar joint pronation ? (calcaneus moving on subtalar )
�eversion mainly
�abduction (external rotation) --->happens at transverse plane
�dorsiflexion
Subtalar joint supination? (calcaneus moving on subtalar)
�inversion mainly
�adduction (internal rotation)
�plantarflexion
Degrees of motion of Subtalar joint at sagittal plane?
16-20 degrees (the least movement occurs here)
Degrees of motion of subtalar joint at frontal plane?
40-45 degrees
Degrees of motion of subtalar joint at transverse plane?
45-50 degrees
Open chain pronation of subtalar joint? (calcaneus moving on talus)
�calcaneal eversion
�calcaneal abduction (external rotation)
�calcaneal dorsiflexion
Open chain supination of subtalar joint?
�calcaneal inversion
�calcaneal adduction (internal rotation)
�calcaneal plantarflexion
Closed chain pronation of subtalar joint? (Heel strike to Foot Flat)
�calcaneal eversion (valgus)
�talar adduction (medial rotation)
�talar plantarflexion
�tibial/fibular internal (medial) rotation
Closed chain supination (FF to MS) of subtalar joint?
�Calcaneal inversion (varus)
�talar abduction (lateral rotation)
�talar dorsiflexion
�tibial/fibular external (lateral) rotation
Reasons of over supination (subtalar stability)?
� Laxity in calcaneofibular ligament
� Laxity in lateral talocalcaneal ligament
� Weakness of fibularis longus and brevis
Reasons of over pronation (subtalar stability)?
� Laxity in tibiocalcaneal part of the deltoid ligament
� Laxity in medial talocalcaneal ligament
� Laxity in interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
� Weakness of posterior tibialis, flexor
digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
When walking calcaneus and talus move due to ?
GRF (ground force reaction)
Knee unlocking is driven by?
external rotation
Midtarsal joint?
Longitudinal axis
�inversion and eversion
Oblique or transverse axis
�dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
�abduction (external rotation)
�adduction (internal rotation)
Pronation
�eversion
�abduction (ER)
�dorsiflexion
Supination
�inversion
�adduction (IR)
�plant
Whatever midfoot is doing.......?
Hindfoot is doing
Midtarsal movements are controlled by?
subtalar joint movements
Hindfoot (subtalar) pronation ?
�midtarsal joint pronates
�longitudinal and oblique axes become more parallel
�midfoot is mobile and able to adjust to surface irregularities
�heel strike (initial swing) the subtalar and mid tarsal joints are pronated
Hindfoot (subtalar) supination?
�midtarsal joint is supinated
�longitudinal and oblique axes becoming more crossed
�midfoot movements are restricted providing a solid support base of to transfer weight from the hindfoot to the forefoot.
�subtarsal and midtarsal joints are supinated thro
Forefoot (ray 1 movement)?
Pronation
�mainly dorsiflexion
�inversion
�slight adduction (IR)
Supination
�mainly plantar flexion
�eversion
�slight abduction (ER)
Forefoot (ray 5 movement) ?
Pronation
�mainly dorsiflexion
�eversion
�slight abduction (ER)
Supination
�mainly plantar flexion
�inversion
�slight adduction (IR)
Forefoot (supination twist)? don't miss on the test
�rays 1 and 2 dorsiflex
�rays 4 and 5 plantar flex
�forefoot inverts
Forefoot (pronation twist) ?
�rays 1 and 2 plantar flex
�rays 4 and 5 dorsiflex
�forefoot everts and externally rotates
Forefoot stays opposite direction of mid and hindfoot because?
it balances it
If forefoot follows mid and hindfoot you will?
roll your foot.
The 3rd metatarsal ?
doesn't do anything
Excessive hindfoot (subtalar) pronation?
�midfoot and forefoot compensate by supination.
****they need to have compensation
Excessive hindfoot (subtalar) supination?
�no compensation at midfoot
�EXCESSIVE FOREFOOT PRONATION (GIVE THIS ANSWER ON TEST)
Forces on the foot?
Standing (compression)
�60.5% across heel
�7.8% by midfoot
�28.2% by forefoot
�3.6 by toes
During walking what are the two strongest forces?
HO and FF
Forces on the foot?
Greatest loads
�heel to the talonavicular to the naviculocuneiform to the first (1st metatarsal head)
Least loads
�heel to the cuboid to fifth metatarsal head
Plantar fascia ?
�Windlass mechanism---mechanics of foot from HO to TO
�need about 90 degrees to run but 60 degrees to walk
Pronators of foot? (only important one)
Fibularis longus
�supinator of ankle
Fibularis brevis
�supinator of ankle
Supinators of foot (only important ones)
Anterior tibialis
�pronator of ankle
Extensor hallucis longus (weak)
�pronator of ankle