gait deviations -- prosthetic -- amputee causes

lateral bending

poor balance
abduction contracture
improper training
short residual limb
weak hip abductors on prosthetic side
hypersensitive and painful residual limb

abducted gait

abduction contracture
improper training
abductor roll
weak hip flexors and adductors
pain over lateral residual limb

circumducted gait

abduction contracture
improper training
weak hip flexors
lacks confidence to flex knee
painful anterior distal residual limb
inability to initiate prosthetic knee flexion

excessive knee flexion during stance

knee flexion contracture
hip flexion contracture
pain anteriorly in residual limb
decrease in quadriceps strength
poor balance

vaulting

residual limb discomfort
improper training
fear of stubbing toe
short residual limb
painful hip/residual limb

rotation of forefoot at heel strike

poor muscle control
improper training
weak medial rotators
short residual limb

forward trunk flexion

hip flexion contractures
weak hip extensors
pain with ischial weight bearing
inability to initiate prosthetic knee flexion

medial or lateral whip

improper training
weak hip rotators
knee instability