hyperextension, excess internal rotation, cranial tibial translation (drawer)
the CrCL prevents these three things
taut- taut
the cranial medial band of the CrCL is _____ in extension and ____ in flexion
taut- loose
the cranial lateral band of the CrCL is _____ in extension and ____ in flexion
cranial medial band
portion of the CrCL that ruptures most often
menisci
fibrocartilage wedges b/t the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau
mesici
alleviate incongruity b/t rounded surface of the femur and flat surface of the tibia
menisci
important in stabilization (cranial/caudal drawer), load bearing, shock absorption, joint lubrication and mechanoreception of the knee
CrCL
#1 cause of stifle pain and rear limb pain; most common sx treated ortho dz in the dog
short stride, lameness, atrophy, symmetry
four gait observations made when looking for stifle pain
laterally- opposite
on sits test, a dog w/ CrCL tear will rotate the injured knee ______ and place weight on the _____ hip
popping
on lateral palpation, sign that is indicative of meniscal tear
biological
most common etiology (>90%) of CrCL rupture
uni- complete
traumatic CrCL ruptures tned to be ___lateral and ______ injuries
avulsion
in puppies, traumatic CrCL rupture tends to be an ______ injury
bi- partial or complete
degenerative CrCL ruptures tend to be ___lateral and ______ injuries
leukocytes
infiltration of _______ that release degradative enzymes cause degenerative rupture of CrCL
collagen I
degradative enzymes cause exposure of ______ that increases the rate of degenerative rupture
non weight bearing lameness
most common historical sign of CrCL rupture, can be in the past instead of present
quads
muscle atrophy of _____ is indicative of CrCL
medial
w/ CrCL there may be _____ buttress
medial
most major secondary meniscal tearing to CrCL rupture occurs on the _____ meniscus
medial buttress
hard fibrotic swelling on the medial side of the proximal tibia in response to CrCL in attempt to stabilize
fabella, patella, fibular head, tibial crest
landmarks for placing fingers on cranial drawer test
passive
cranial drawer test is a ______ test b/c you are doing this to dog
dynamic
cranial tibial thrust is a ______ test b/c this is what happens w/ motion
cranial tibial thrust
product of weight bearing and muscular forces on the stifle that possess a tibial slope and a ruptured CrCL ligament
proximal patella, trochlear ridges, distal patella, fabella
four locations of osteophytes on rads that occur w/ CrCL rupture
cranial
w/ CrCL rupture there is _____ displacement of the fat pad
caudal
w/ CrCL rupture there is _____ displacement of the gastroc fascial plane
secondary osteoarthritis
w/ CrCL, rads only show ________
lateral suture (fabello-tibial suture)
CrCL sx aimed at counteracting cranial tibial drawer; suture passed behind fabella and through tunnel in tibial crest
periarticular fibrosis
when the lateral suture fails, _______ maintains stability in the stifle
TPLO (tibial plateau leveling oseotomy)
CrCL suture where a curved cut is made in the top of the tibia and reduces the slope at the stifle so that femur won't slide off back of tibia
TPLO
better surgery for CrCL, causes less discomfort for dogs 1 year post op; gold standard sx
TTA (tibial tuberosity advancement)
CrCL suture where tibial tuberosity is moved cranially to stabilize the knee
removal
sx for torn portion of mesical
meniscal release
prevents buckling of the caudal pole during cranial tibial thrust and reduces risk of secondary tearing; maybe not that great