Extrinsic Muscles- On humerus
Brachiocephalicus, Latissimus dorsi, Deep Pectoral, Superfical Pectoral (BLPP)
Extrinsic Muscles- On scapula
Rhomboideus, Omotransversarius, Trapezius, Serratus ventralis (ROTS)
Superficial Pectoral
Origin- Cranial Sternum; Insertion- crest of greater tubercle; Action- adduct the limb
Deep Pectoral
Orgin- sternum; Insertion- greater and lesser tubercles of humerus; Action- adduct limb; pull limb caudally
Brachiocephalicus
Origin- clavicular inersection; Insertion- mastoid process, dorsal neck, distal cranial humerus; Action- pull limb cranially (not bearing weight), pull head and neck laterally
Omotransversarius
Origin- wing of the atlas; Insertion- distal spine of scapula; Action- pull head and neck laterally, pull limb cranially (not bearing weight)
Trapezius
Orgin- dorsal neck (cervical part), dorsal thorax (thoracic part); Insertion- spine of scapula; Action- elevate thoracic limb
Rhomboideus
Origin- occipital bone, dorsal neck, dorsal thorax; Insertion- dorsal border of scapula; Action- elevate thoracic limb and depress scapula to trunk
Serratus Ventralis
Origin- cervical vertebrae, thoracic wall (ribs); Insertion- Serrated face of scapula; Action- support/elevate trunk
3 muscles grouped with these (but not appendicular)
Sternocephalicus, Sternohyoideus, Sternothyroideus
Sternocephalicus
Caudal attachment- cranial sternum; Cranial attachment- mastoid process, occipital bone; Action- depress head and neck and draw laterally
Sternohyoideus
Caudal attachment- cranial sternum; Cranial attachment- basihyoid bone; Action- pull tongue/larynx caudally
Sternothyroideus
Caudal attachment- cranial sternum; Cranial attachment- thyroid cartilage of larynx; Action- pull tongue/larynx caudally
Lateral Muscles of Shoulder
Deltoideus, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor
Deltoideus
Origin- acromion and spine of scapula; Insertion- deltoid tuberosity of humerus; Action- Flex shoulder joint
Supraspinatus
Origin- supraspinous fossa; Insertion- greater tubercle of humerus; Action-EXTEND shoulder joint and function as lateral collateral ligament of shoulder joint
Infraspinatus
Origin- infraspinous foss; Insertion- greater tubercle of humerus; Action- FLEX shoulder join and function as lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder
Teres minor
Origin- CAUDAL border of scapula; Insertion- Teres minor tuberosity; Action- FLEX humeral joint
Medial Muscles of shoulder
Subscapularis, Coracobrachialis, Teres Major
Subscapularis
Origin- subscapular fossa; Insertion- lesser tubercle of humerus; Action- ADDUCT limb at the shoulder joint; functionally serve as medial collateral ligament of the shoulder
Coracobrachialis
Origin- corocoid process of scapula; Insertion- crest of lesser tubercle of humerus; Action- ADDUCT limb at shoulder joint; functionally serve as medial collateral ligament of the shoulder joint
Teres major
Origin- caudal border of scapula; Insertion- Teres major tuberosity; Action- FLEX humeral joint
Cranial Muscles of the Arm (Brachium)
Biceps brachii and bracialis mm.
Biceps brachii
Origin- supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; Insertion- proximal/medial aspects of radius/ulna; Action- flex cubital joint
Brachialis
Origin- proximal part of lateral humerus; Insertion- proximal/medial aspects of radius/ulna; Action- FLEX cubital joint
Caudal Muscles of the Arm (Brachium)
Triceps brachii, Tensor fasciae antebrachii, Anconeus
Triceps brachii
Origin- caudal border of scapula (long head), proximal humerus (other heads); Insertion- Tuber olecrani; Action- EXTEND cubital joint
Tensor fasciae antebrachii
Origin- latissimus dorsi and fascia on CAUDAL border of scapula; Insertion- tuber olecrani; Action- EXTEND cubital joint
Anconeus
Origin- distal/caudal humerus; Insertion- tuber olecrani; Action- EXTEND cubital joint
Craniolateral Antebrachial Muscles
Extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis, supinator, abductus pollicis longus
Caudomedial Antebrachial Muscles
Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
What are the digital extensors of the thoracic limb?
common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor
What are the digital flexors of the thoracic limb?
superficial and deep digital flexor
What are the carpal extensors of the thoracic limb?
Extensor carpi radialis
What are the carpal flexors of the thoracic limb?
Ulnaris lateralis, Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor carpi radialis
Where do the superficial digital flexor muscles of any limb attach?
the proximal palmar/plantar aspects of the middle phalanges of the weight-bearing digits
Where do the deep digital flexor muscles of any limb attach?
palmar/plantar aspects of the distal phalanges of the weight-bearing digits
Where do the digital extensor muscles insert?
extend distal to the proximal, dorsal aspects of the distal phalanges of the weight-bearing digits
What are the antebrachial muscles that attach to the accessory bone? (no other bones serve as points of muscular attachment)
ulnaris lateralis and flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- dorsal/proximal end of METAcarpals 2 and 3; Action- EXTEND carpal joints
Common digital extensor
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- extensor processes of digits 2-5; Action- EXTEND carpal AND digital joints
Lateral digital extensor
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- distal phalanges of digits 3-5 (lateral digits); Action- extend carpal AND digital joints
Ulnaris lateralis
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- accessory carpal bone and proximolateral aspect of 5th digit; Action- FLEX carpal joints; ABDUCT the manus
Abductor pollicis longus
Origin- body of ulna; Insertion- proximal metacarpal 1; Action- EXTEND carpal join; ABDUCT the first digit (carnivores)
Supinator
Origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- body of radius; Action- supination of the manus
Flexor carpi radialis
Origin- medial epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- palmar/proximal aspects of METAcarpals 2 and 3; Action- FLEX the carpal joints (exact opposite of extensor carpi radialis)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin- medial epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- Accessory bone; Action- FLEX the carpal joints
Superficial Digital Flexor
Origin- medial epicondyle of humerus; Insertion- palmar/proximal aspects of the middle phalanges 2-5 of the weight bearing digits; Action- FLEX the carpal AND the digital joints (EXCEPT the distal interphalangeal joints)
Deep Digital Flexor
Origin- medial epicondyle of the humerus; Insertion- palmar aspects of distal phalanges; Action- FLEX carpal AND digital joints
Pronator teres
Origin- medial epicondyle of the humerus; Insertion- body of the radius; Action- Pronation of the manus (opposite of the supinator)
Pronator quadratus
Attachments- apposed surfaces of the radius and ulna; Action- pronation of the manus
Muscles of the manus
Interosseus Muscle
Interosseus Muscle
Origin- Proximal ends of metacarpal bones; Insertion- base (more proximal than head) of proximal phalanx; Action- FLEX and SUPPORT the metacarpophalangeal joints
Muscles of the Rump
Tensor faciae latae, Superficial gluteal, Middle gluteal, Piriformis, Deep gluteal
Tensor fascia latae
Origin- tuber coxae; Insertion- fascia latae; Action- flex the hip joint (also tense fascia lata and thus aid extension of genual joint)
Superficial gluteal
Origin- Sacrotuberous ligament and Sacrum; Insertion- third trochanter; Action- EXTENDS coxal joint and ABDUCTS the limb
Middle gluteal
Origin- gluteal surface of ilium; Insertion- greater trochanter of femur; Action- EXTENDS coxal joint and rotates limb MEDIALLY
Piriformis
Origin- sacrum and 1st cadual vertebra; Insertion- greater trochanter; Action- EXTENDS coxal joint
Deep gluteal
Origin- Body of ilium and Ischiatic spine; Insertion- greater trochanter; Action- EXTENDS coxal joint
Caudal Muscles of the Thigh
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Origin- Sacrotuberous ligament and isciatic tuberosity; Insertion- cranial tibia, patella, and tuber calcanei; Action- EXTEND the coxal and tarsal joins, FLEX genual joint (non-weight) or EXTEND (weight-bearing), ABDUCT the limb
Semitendinosus
Origin- Ischiatic tuberosity; Insertion- Proximal tibia and tuber calcanei; Action- EXTEND coxal and tarsal joints; FLEX genual jt (non-weight) or EXTEND genual jt (weight-bearing)
Semimembranosus
Origin- Ischiatic tuberosity; Insertion- distal femur and proximal tibia; Action- EXTEND coxal joint ONLY (not attaching to tuber calcanei); FLEX genual jt (non-weight) or EXTEND genual jt (weight-bearing)
Medial Muscles of the Thigh
Sartorius, Gracilis, Pectineus, Adductor
Sartorius
Origin- ILIUM; Insertion- patella and cranial tibia; Action- FLEX coxal joint, FLEX genual joint (non-weight) or EXTEND genual joint (weight)
Gracilus
Origin- Pelvic symphysis; Insertion- cranial tibia and tuber calcanei; Action- ADDUCT the limb, EXTEND coxal joint AND tarsal joints, FLEX genual joint (doesn't extend)
Pectineus
Origin- Iliopubic eminence; Insertion- distal body of femur; Action- ADDUCT the limb ONLY
Adductor
Origin- ventral os coxae; Insertion- CAUDAL surface of femur; Action- ADDUCTS the limb and EXTEND the coxal joint
Caudal Muscles of the Hip
External obturator, internal obturator, gemelli, and quadratus femoris
External obturator
Origin- ventral os coxae around obturator foramen; Insertion- trochanteric fossa; Action- ADDUCT limb and rotate it LATERALLY (only caudal hip m. that adducts limb- its on the ventral surface of os coxae, so it makes sense)
Internal obturator
Origin- dorsal os coxae aroun dobturator foramen: Insertion- trochanteric fossa; Action- rotate limb LATERALLY
Gemelli
Origin- lateral aspect of ischium; Insertion- trochanteric fossa; Action- rotate limb LATERALLY
Quadratus femorus
Origin- Ventral aspect of ischium (so gemelli is dorsal to it); Insertion- caudal femur NEAR the trochanteric fossa; Action- rotate limb LATERALLY; also EXTEND coxal joint (makes sense because it is ventral aspect of os coxae and inserts on caudal femur,