The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs that lie on the ventral surface of what muscle?
Quadratus lumborum
The kidneys are directly covered by a ?brous capsule called the _____
Renal capsule
The false capsule of the kidney is also known as the _____
Perirenal fascia of Gerota
The most anterior structure in the renal hilum
Renal vein
The most posterior structure in the renal hilum
Renal pelvis
True or False: The left kidney is higher than the right kidney.
True. The left kidney is higher.
The renal cortex extends between the renal pyramids as the _____
Renal columns of Bertin
The renal medulla is composed of 5 to 11 minor calyces called _____
Renal pyramids of Malpighi
What do you call the avascular line between the anterior and posterior segments of the renal parenchyma?
Brodel white line
The kidney is innervated by the _____
Renal plexus
True or False: The renal plexus contains only sympathetic components.
True. The renal plexus contains only sympathetic components.
Within the abdomen, the ureters descend retroperitoneal and anterior to what muscle?
Psoas major muscle
Valve in the intramural portion of the ureter that functions to prevent urine re?ux
Ureterovesical valve of Sampson
Most common sites of kidney stone obstruction along the ureter
1. At the ureteropelvic junction, 2. Where the ureters cross the pelvic inlet, and 3. At the ureterovesical junction
In males, the most constant arterial supply of the lower part of the ureter is the _____
Inferior vesical artery
In females, the most constant arterial supply of the lower part of the ureter is the _____
Uterine artery
The ureter is innervated by the _____
Ureteric plexus
The most common type of renal calculi
Calcium oxalate
Kidney stones that are colorless, octahedral-shaped crystals that look like small squares crossed by intersecting diagonal lines
Calcium oxalate
Renal calculi that generally progress to form staghorn calculi
Magnesium ammonium sulfate or struvite calculi
Kidney stones that are colorless, rectangular, prism-shaped crystals
Magnesium ammonium sulfate or struvite calculi
Staghorn calculi are associated with infections of the urinary tract caused by what organisms?
Proteus species
The second most common type of renal calculi
Magnesium ammonium sulfate or struvite calculi
Third most common type of kidney stones that are yellow or red-brown in color and diamond-shaped crystals
Uric acid calculi
The least common type of kidney stones that are colorless, refractile, hexagonal-shaped crystals
Cystine calculi
Capacity of the urinary bladder
120 to 320 ml
Ligament that extends from the lower portion of the pubic bone to the neck of the bladder
Pubovesical ligament
Remnant of the allantois in the fetus
Urachus
Ligament that extends from the umbilicus to the apex of the bladder
Median umbilical ligament or urachus
The arterial supply of the bladder is from _____
The vesical arteries, obturator artery, and inferior gluteal artery.
The bladder is innervated by the ____
Vesical plexus
Rupture of the anterior wall results in an extraperitoneal extravasation of urine within what potential space?
Retropubic space of Retzius
Rupture of the superior wall results in an intraperitoneal extravasation of urine within the peritoneal cavity?
Peritoneal cavity
What type of urethral injury occurs when the posterior urethra is stretched but intact due to the rupture of the puboprostatic ligaments?
Type I
What type of urethral injury occurs when the posterior urethra is torn above the urogenital diaphragm?
Type II
What type of urethral injury results in an extraperitoneal extravasation of urine within the retropubic space of Retzius?
Type II and IV
What is the most common type of urine leakage injury?
Type III or straddle injury
What type of urethral injury occurs when the anterior urethra is torn below the urogenital diaphragm along with a disruption of the urogenital diaphragm so that the membranous urethra is torn also?
Type III
What type of injury is more commonly known as straddle injury?
Type III
A boy slips off a bicycle seat and falls against the crossbar. If urethral injury occurred, extravasated urine is expected to accumulate where?
Super?cial perineal space, extending into the scrotal, penile, and anterior abdominal wall areas
What type of urethral injury occurs when the neck of the bladder and proximal prostatic urethra are injured?
Type IV
What type of urethral injury occurs when the penile urethra is torn?
Type V
What type of urethral injury results in an extraperitoneal extravasation of urine beneath the deep fascia of Buck?
Type V
How long is the female urethra?
About 3 to 5 cm.
How long is the male urethra?
About 18 to 20 cm.
What muscles, innervated by the pudendal nerve, are highly associated with the male and female urethra?
Deep transverse perineal muscle and sphincter urethrae muscle
The bulbous urethra courses through the bulb of the penis and develops endodermal outgrowths into the surrounding mesoderm to form the _____
Bulbourethral glands of Cowper
The superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries that supply the adrenal glands, all branch from 3 different vessels. What are these?
Superior suprarenal arises from the inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal arises from the aorta, inferior suprarenal arises from the renal artery
True or False: The right and left suprarenal veins empty into the right and left renal veins, respectively.
False. The right suprarenal vein empties directly into the inferior vena cava.
What do you call the modi?ed postganglionic neuronal cell bodies located in the adrenal medulla?
Chromaf?n cells
Largest zone of the adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata
Zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes cortisol
Zona fasciculata
Zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes aldosterone
Zona glomerulosa
Zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA and androstenedione
Zona reticularis
What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome?
Iatrogenic corticosteroid drug therapy
Conn syndrome is due to a mass on what zone of the adrenal gland?
Zona glomerulosa
Primary adrenal insufficiency is also known as _____
Addison disease
What gene mutation is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
21-hydroxylase deficiency
What neurotransmitter is more commonly secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine (90%)
What conditions are part of the MEN type II-a syndrome?
Pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, and medullary thyroid CA
What is the most common solid tumor in children and may metastasize to the bone marrow, liver, and orbit?
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is associated with the amplification of what oncogene?
N-myc oncogene