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Nouns that end in -y follow their own rule. When a noun ends in -y and follows a vowel, just add an -s. When a noun ends in -y and follows a consonant, change the y to ie and then add the -s. Note: For proper nouns, just add -s without changing the -y.
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Nouns that end in -o have their own rule, too. When a noun ends in -o and follows a vowel, just add -s. When a noun ends in -o and follows a consonant, add -es.
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pluralize the last word in most compound nouns. In hyphenated nouns, pluralize the main word even if it's not at the end.
An indirect object answers the question For what did the action occur? or For whom did the action occur?
She gave all the love she had to the venerable redwood.
An appositive provides more information about a noun.
The many varieties of thyme, including lime and lemon thyme, grow under the same conditions as common thyme.
A subject complement comes after a linking verb to explain or identify the subject. Subject complements that are nouns are called predicate nouns.
subject complement that's an adjective : The redwood was mighty.
subject complement and predicate noun : It was her redwood.
Reflexive pronoun
myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, herself
Relative pronouns introduce subordinate clauses.
Relative pronouns include: which, who, whom, whose, and that.
The candy bar that looked like a car tasted good with milk.
Collective nouns may be treated as plurals when the individuals behave independently rather than as a group.
My family live in different towns near Vermillionville.
The jury are deadlocked.
An intransitive verb does not need a direct object.
The lightning flashed.
She spoke.
A transitive verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning.
He caught the first flight to Kenya.
Her imagination took her away.
A linking verb links subject and subject complement.
She was tired.
The musician turned white.
The music became his obsession.
A helping verb helps a verb form a certain tense or distinction and is placed before the verb it helps. Helping verbs include be, can, do, have, and will and are also called auxiliary verbs.
I could eat another chocolate truffle, if you insist.
They'll never know how lucky they were.
I am knitting your present right now.
Past tense verbs describe a specific time in the past.
Active : I walked the dog.
Passive: The dog was walked by me.
Past perfect verbs describe an action that occurred in the past before another event in the past.
Active : That day, I had walked the dog before I fed the cat.
Passive : That day, the dog had been walked by me before I fed the cat.
Past progressive verbs describe an action occurring and continuing to occur in the past, often at the same time something else happened.
Active : I was walking the dog when I remembered the delight of learning grammar.
Passive : The dog was being walked by me when I remembered the delight of learning grammar.
Past perfect progressive tense verbs describe a continuing action in the past that occurred before another event in the past. Notice that the definition for past perfect progressive looks a bit like the definitions for past perfect and past progressive co
Active : I had been walking the dog when I had a bright idea.
Present tense verbs take place now or could take place now.
Active : I walk the dog.
Passive: The dog is walked by me.
Present perfect verbs describe actions that have happened one or more times before now. Watch out for this verb tense. The perfect tenses describe actions taking place in relation to a specific time or event; in present perfect tense, that specific time i
Active : I have walked the dog once a week since January.
Passive : The dog has been walked by me once a week since January.
Present progressive verbs describe what is happening and continuing to happen now.
Active : I am walking the dog right now.
Passive: The dog is being walked by me now.
Present perfect progressive verbs describe actions that have happened one or more times before now and are continuing to happen.
Active : Since January, I have been walking the dog.
Future tense verbs describe what could happen in the future.
Active : I will walk the dog.
Passive : The dog will be walked by me tomorrow.
Future perfect verbs describe what will happen by a specific time in the future.
Active : I will have walked the dog twice before the day is over.
Passive : The dog will have been walked by me twice before the day is over.
Future progressive verbs describe something that will continue to occur in the future.
Active : I will be walking the dog every day.
Future perfect progressive verbs describe an action that will continue to occur before a specific time in the future.
Active : This October, I will have been walking the dog for 13 years. It's your turn!
Infinitives usually consist of to followed by the verb base. Infinitives can act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Noun : To run is the greatest freedom.
Adjective : The freedom to run made her feel relaxed.
Adverb : He lived to run.
Gerunds consist of the verb base followed by -ing. Gerunds function as nouns.
Running brought her great joy.
He enjoyed running even when he was alone.
Possessive adjective
her time, their book deal
indefinite adjective
any day
numerical adjective
thirteenth floor, one doughnut
compound adjective
marinated duck quesadilla
Coordinate adjectives work together to modify a noun. Coordinate adjectives do not modify each other and are placed before the noun they modify. Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives.
The juicy, sweet watermelon cooled everyone off.
Adverbs
Usually end in -ly plus almost, even and only