Morbidity
Indicates the disease rates within a group
Atrophy
Decrease in size of cell, thus reduced tissue mass. Reduced use of tissue, insufficient nutrition
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of cells. Enlarged mass. Additional work of tissue, excessive hormonal stimulation
Hyperplasia
Increase in # of Cells. Enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia
Certain Cell type being replaced by another cell type EX: Strat Squamous (Chronic Inflammation) Get replaced by columnar cells...
Dysplasia
Completely Changes (Not a consistant change) varies in shape, size-design of cell no longer has its purpose Ex: Diabetic Ulcer: Getting inflammed tissues forming can be dysplastic in nature
Anaplasia
Undifferentiated Cells (Structures) Cancer type cell, Uncontrolled EX: Aggressive Tumors
Neoplasm
Any tumor Beigin or Malegent Ex: Beigin has potential to turn into Malegnent
Ischemia
Deficient in Oxygen.
Necrosis
A group of cells that die
Name Two common causes of Cell Damage
Chemical Toxins & Microorganisms
Ischemia vs Infarction
Ischemia: Temporary loss of oxygen Infarction: Loss of Oxygen regarding cell death
Erythemia
Redness, often associated with warmth around the area. Often indicates increased blood flow
Transudation
Passage of fluid through a membrane/tissue.
Which of the following would not be included as one of the bodys three basic lines of defense:
A. Mucus Membranes
B. Immune System
C. Fibronectogenesis
D. Skin
E. Phagocytosis
C. Fibronectogenesis -This word is made up
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Erythema or Rubor: Redness
Calor: Heat
Dolor: Pain
Tumor: Swelling
Functio Laesa: Loss of function
Treatment of Inflammation
R: REST
I: ICE
C: COMPRESSION
E: ELEVATION
Healing process
Inflammation (0-5) days
Repair (Proliferation) (3-21) days
Remodeling (Maturation) (3wks-24mnths)
Proteoglycans
Bind to fibronectin and to collagen to stabilize the tissue during repair
Hemostasis
Blood filling the wound, allowing it to "clog" through the use of platelets
Degeneration
Formation of a hematoma, necrosis for dead cells to start the inflammatory response
Pain fibers are ____ fibers
Afferent fibers
Nociceptors
Are sensory receptors, stimulated by thermal, chemical, and physical
Reflex response
The reflex response is the involuntary muscle contraction AWAY from pain
According to the gate-control theory, passage of pain impulses may be naturally blocked:
A: at the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses
B: by the stress response
C: by administration of morphine directly into the spinal cord
D: by referring the pain
A: At the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses
Somatic Pain
From skin, bone muscle, conducted by sensory fibers
Visceral Pain
Originates in organs, conducted by symapthetic fibers
Radicular Pain
Nerve root, can be felt via the motor root (myotome), or dermatome (sensory)
T/F : Acute pain is typically associated with a dull/aching sensation. It typically indicates fatigue & is associated with changes in weight
FALSE; its chronic
How does the body recognize self from non self?
Antigens
These cells "TAG" foreign material for consumption
Macrophages
Anaphylaxis
Severe life threatening systemic hypersensitvity reaction, resulting in decreased blood pressure, airway obstruction and severe hypoxia
Metastasis
Spread of a disease from one organ to another
Sarcoma
Malignant Connective tissue
Carinoma
Malignant Epithelial tissue
Anemia
Anorexia, decreased food intake, chronic bleeding, bone marrow depression
Mental retardation, flattened facial characteristics, under developed intestines, congenital heart defects, aa subluxation, decreased tone and ligament laxity
Down Syndrome
Mental retardation, may be addressing functional deficits and management of
Fragile X syndrome
Various degrees of motor deficits, developmental delay
Cerebral Palsy
UE traction injury (waiters tip position)
Erbs Palsy
Cardiac Output determined by
Stroke Volume x Heart rate.. Normal cardiac output s 5L/min
Rating of perceived exhertion
6-20
Ventricular fibrilation
serious & leads to complete loss of muscle contractions in the heart
Oliguria
No urine output
This abnormal growth of cells has metasizes from one cell to another
Secondary Tumor
This disease is involved in reduction hemogolbin synthesis. Symptoms can be mild to severe
Iron Def. Anemia
T/F: Patient has hemoglobin 10g/100ml is this considered anemia
True
Lack of Vitamin b12 causes
Polycythemia
This bleeding disorder can cause excessive bleeding but has a good prognosis
Hemophelia
T/F: One characteristic in hodkins and non hodkins is that hodkins only involve a single lymph node
True
Patient taking a vasoilator
Reduces peripheral resistance
Pt. in outpatient setting experiencing crushing chest pain
Angina pectoris/exertional angina
T/F: Cardiac disrhythmia are deviations that are not normal sounds in heart
TRUE
This respiratory tract infection is best known as the common cold
Infectious Rhinitis
This respiratory Tract infection is identified because it is typically bacterial based, and causes headache and pain with patients
Sinusitis
This respiratory tract infection is viral, is sudden onset and can result in hospitalization for pneumonia. The pneumonia is the cause of deaths
Influenza (flue
This respiratory tract infection is often diffuse, affecting both lungs. The greatest concern it causes inflammation in the alveoli
Bronchopneumonia
This respiratory pathology involves a genetic disorder. It is characterized by tenacious mucous from the exocrine glands. A sweat test is the best diagnosis to test for it
Cystic Fibrosis
T/F: Shortness of Breath=Subjective, Dyspnea is Objective
TRUE
T/F: your patient is coughing up sputum and while as TB, is not considered active. You do not need to use gown/glove in the inpatient setting
TRUE
A pink puffer is consistent with which respiratory disease
Predominant Emphysema
A blue bloater is consistant with which respiratory disease
Bronchitis
Impairment or failure of bone marrow, may be temporary or permanent
Aplastic Anemia
Results from excessive destruction of RBCs
Hemolytic Anemia
This is a symptom of an underlying pathology, that caused by difficulty absorbing vitamin b12. It leads to decreased efficiency of red blood cells
Pernicious Anemia
Most common inherited clotting disorder, spontaneous bleeding in joints
Hemophilia A
Atrial contraction
P wave
Ventricle Contraction
QRS
Repolarization of Ventricle
T wave
(Heart attack) Occurs when coronary artery is totally obstructed, Atherosclerosis (Clogging of the pipes) is most common cause
Myocardial Infarction
Heart cannot maintain pumping capability, cardiac output or stroke volume decreases
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Disease in arteries outside the heart, brain not getting enough blood flow
Peripheral Vascular disease: Atherosclerosis
Loss of circulating blood volume
Hypovolemic Shock
Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to circulation
Cardiogenic Shock
Alternate means for most tissue to get blood supply. Can reduce the risks of blockage of heart vessels by giving alternate blood supply to areas of heart muscle
Collateral Circulation
Common viral infection particularly in children, self limiting (some cold symptoms)
Laryngotrracheobronchitis (Coup)
Most prevalent type of influenza viruses
Type A
Sputum: Yellowish, green cloudy, thick mucus
Bacterial Infection
Sputum: Rusty or dark colored
Pneumonia
Sputum: Large amount of purulent sputum with foul odor
Bronchietasis
Sputum: Thick Tenacious Mucus
Asthma or Cystic Fibrosis
Inherited genetic disorder, gene located on chromosome seven, tenacious mucus from exocrine glands
Cystic Fibrosis
To Choke on something: Passage of food, fluid, emesis, other foreign material into trachea and lungs
Aspiration
Dypsnea that occurs while lying down
Orrthopnea
Inadequate oxygen in blood
Hypoxemia
Increased carbon dioxide in blood. Increases CO2 = decreased PH which makes the PH more acidic
Hypercapnea
Respiratory Tract infection where you would take airborne precautions and wear N95 mask
TB
Collapse of a lung or part of lung, leads to decreased gas exchange & hypoxia
Atelectasis
Air in pleural cavity, No normal opening in chest wall. "These are all closed, that is there is no opening to the outside.
Pneumothorax
Atmospheric air enters the pleural cavity through opening in chest wall "sucking sound
Pneumothorax II
Fracture of Ribs, Ribs move independently during respiration
Flail Chest
Bone broken forming separate peices
Complete Fracture
Bone only partially Broken
Incomplete Fracture
Skin is broken
Open (Compound) Fracture
Skin is not broken
Closed Fracture
Single break, maintain alignment & position
Simple Fracture
Multiple fractures and bone fragments
Comminuted fracture
Bone crushed or collapsed into small peices
Compression Fracture
One end forced into adjacent bone
Impacted fracture
Results from weakness, occurs with little stress
Pathologic fracture
Fatigue or repetitive fractures
Stress fractures
Skull fractured and forced into brain
Depressed fracture
Involves ligaments in musculoskeletal injuries
Sprains
Involves muscle in musculoskeletal injuries
Strains
In healing of bone fracture, what forms new cartilage
Chrondoblasts
In healing of bone fracture, what generates new bone
Osteoblasts
In healing of bone fracture, what removes the debris
Phagocytic cells
In healing of bone fracture, what lays down new collagen fibers
Fibroblasts
Most common type of MD, affects young boys
Pseudohypertrophic MD
Pushing on hips to go into standing position
Muscular Dystrophy: Gower maneuver
Degeneratve Joint Disease
Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear joint disease
Crepitus, Trendelenburg gait, genu valgus, nodes on hands, hallux valgus (bunion) on feet
Osteoarthritis characteristics
Affected Joints extremely painful, stiffness of joints, redness, swelling, joint movement impaired
Rhematoid Arthritis
A chronic progressive inflammatory condition, more common in men 20-40 years: Vertebral joints inflammed, fusion of joint, kyphosis develops
Ankylosising Spondyltis
Female prevalent, malar rash, global arthritic like symptoms
Systemic Lupus
If the (L) cerebral hemiphere is involved what is affected
aphasia
Brochas Area affects
speech
Warnikes area affects
Language comprehension
Occipital Lobe affects
Vision
Cerebellum affects
Coordination
Dysarthria
disturbance in articulation of speech
agraphia
inability to write
Ideomotor apraxia
inability to voluntary perform learned tasks
Addisons disease
All of the above
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemic shock
A, C &D
The function of the liver includes all except?
Production of digestive enzymes
The most common type of hepatitis transmitted by blood transfusion is
Type C
Celiac disease is digestive disorder that can not break down
Gluten
What is not a cause of Dysphagia
Decreased saliva production
What would be considered a medical emergency
Blockage of small intestine
People often mistake this type of skin disorder. It can appear on the epidermis but most important if identified correctly, prognosis is excellent if removed in reasonable time.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
This variant of jaundice your patient will become excessively fatigued, due to anemia. The reason is their jaundice caused destruction of red blood cells. Which variant of Jaundice is this?
Prehepatic Jaundice
This neurological disorder involves an inherited disorder that is a progressive atrophy of the brain
Huntingtons disease
You perform a chart review and the WBC indicated a count of 12,000 mm3. This makes you consider that
Your patient is having an autoimmune infection
The impaired absorption of cerebrospinal fluid is tolerated for some time for neonates because their skull can expand. It can create brain damage in adults. What is this pathology
Non-Obtrusive Hydrocephalus
The small intestine contains this structure that assist in the absorption of material
Microvilli
This is a complimentary therapy health care specialist. Their focus is activities of daily living with emphasis on upper lower extremity dressing
Occupational Therapy
Identify the correct information regarding the pancreas
Insulin converts blood glucose to glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle.
Injury of brain tissue and rupture of blood vessels, but the skull fracture NOT occurring is what type of head injury
closed head injury
This route of drug administration has a rapid onset, but requires a specific " technique". ideal for respiratory pathologies
Inhalation