Forensic Science
is the application of science to the criminal justice system
Mathieu Orfilia
published works on poisons and how they affect animals. He was the first recorded for forensic toxicology
Franci Galton
Studied fingerprints and developed a methodology for their classification.
Dr. Leone Lattis
Figured out a way to determine a type of blood from a blood stain. BEgan applying this method towards criminal investigations
Calvin Goddard
Found a way of using comparison technique to better match bullet casings from a fired gun
Edwin Locard
His principle states that their is an exchange of materials when two objects come in contact with each other. THe issue of cross contamination
Testimony
Verbal statement given under oath
An expert witness
Someone who the court deems has special knowledge that the court deems not common
Pathology
Science that deals with disease
Autopsy
A dissection and examination of the body to determine why the person died
Forensic Pathology
The study of sudden unexplained violent deaths to determine the cause of death of an individual
Rigormortus
AS this rigidty is know, occurs within 24 hours after death, and goes away after about 36 hours. It is when the muscles of the body relax and become rigid
Liver mortis
This condition in the body happens when the blood stops pumping through the body, and settles in parts lower to the ground, this occurs within the first 12 hours after death
Algor Mortis
The gradual cooling of the body after death, helps to determine TOD
Forensic Anthropolgy
specializes in the identification and specialization of skeletal remains, they may also be called to help identify victims of disasters where bodies may be burned or mutilated in some way
Forensic pyschology
focuses on the relationship between human behavior and criminal justice
Forensic Entemology
Uses the study of insect to help criminal investigators, helps to determine TOD
Forensic odontology
Provides insight into the identification of individuals through their teeth
Physical Evidence
anything that can establish a crime that has happened and anything that links the crime and the criminal
crime scene
place where a crime occured
first responder
is the first person who arrives at the scene and it is their responsibility to care for any individual that may be present at the scene and arrest the perpetrator if there person is still on the scene
Overview photographs
show the crime scene in wide angles
intermediate photographs
are closer to the evidence, but still show the area surrounding the evidence
Close up photograph
may focus on an injury, a weapon, or a piece of evidence
ROugh sketches
show the location of evidence and contain accurate accounts of the distances between them and the dimensions of crime scenes
finished sketch
a precise representation of the scene is produced
secondary crime scenes
additional sites where crime activity might have happened
chain of custody
a list of all persons who had possession of the evidence during the crime investigation
questioned sample (unknown sample)
a sample of physical evidence collected at the crime scene
known sample
comes from a particular person or place to compare to a questioned sample
Trace evidence
small evidence, often hard to find
Forth Ammendment
protects from unlawful searches
Physical evidence
includes tangible objects, including weapons, trace evidence such as, hair, blood, of fibers, and fingerprints.
documentary evidence
any type of written or recorded evidence, such as a recording of a telephone conversation or a video recording of a crime.
demonstrative evidence
evidence that is used to recreate or illustrate a crime
testimony
evidence given by a witness at trial
identification
is the process of determining the chemical or physical characteristics of a piece of evidence with as much certainty as possible
comparison
the process of testing a suspect sample with a known sample to prove whether or not they share a common origin
Probability
the frequency of an event
indivdual charecteristics
evidence with characteristics that can be traced back to an individual item or person
ridge characteristics (minutiae)
are the ridge endings,enclosures, and other details that make up a fingerptint
classs charecteristics
are those that can only be assoiated with a griup not a single source
physical properties
are those that describe a substance or object without refering to any substance
chemical properties
are those that describe what happens when a substance reacts with another substance
radial fractures
are those that extend outward from the point of impact, like spokes on a wheel
concentric fractures
fractures that form a circle around a point of impact
soil
is thought of as a surface material from earth both natural and artificial
morphology
its form and structure
medulla
is a set of cells that run through a hair
nuclear DNA
is found in the nucleus of a cell and is inherited from both biological parents
mitochondiral DNA
is found in small structures outside the nucleusof a cell and is inherited from the biological mother
A-B-O system
this system catagrized the properties of blood into three diffrent types
Kastle-Meyer color test
mixes a sample of the dried substance (blood) with the chaemical phenophthalein and hydrogen proxide
Hemoglobin
a protein that tansports pxygen and goves blood ots red coloring
Luminol
a very sensitive test that can show blood when dialated
up to 300,000 times
precpitin test
detrmins of blood is human or animal, with an antiserum
Herbert L. Mac Donell
he discovered that blood patterns can show the angle the blood fell at
Loop fingerprints
characterized by ridge lines that enter one side, loop around, and exit on the same side
60-65 percent of people have
whorl fingerprints
they have ridge patterns that are circular in shape with two deltas
30- 35 percent of people have
Arch fingerprints
have ridge lines that start on one side and exit another
about 5 percent has this fingerprint
latent fingerprints
made by oil and perspiration that is deposited on the surface
visible fingerprints
created when a surface is touched after the finger has been in contact with another substance, such as, blood, ink, or paint
plastic prints
created when the finger touches a soft material or putty
(RUVIS) reflected ultraviolet imaging system
aims UV light at areas where fingerprints may be