PATHOLOGY
determines possible cause of death
PALYNOLOGY
poller and spares
GEOLOGY
sand and soil
ENGINEERING
crashes or failure of structure
SEROLOGY
blood
ANTHROPOLOGY
bones
ODONTOLOGY
teeth
ARSON
determines fire causes
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
profiling
DOCUMENTS
handwriting, checks, ink, papers
TOOLMARKS
casts, marks, or impressions
ENTOMOLOGY
insects
BALLISTICS
includes firearms, shells, and casings
TOXICOLOGY
drugs, poisons
POLYOGRAPH
not admissible in court
Hearsay
testimony given by a witness based on what others have said is known as
INFRACTIONS, FELONIES, OR MISDEMEANORS
violations are classified as
STATUTORY LAW
legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something
EDMOND LOCARD
stated that whenever two objects come into contact there's always a transfer of material
FORENSIC SCIENCE
examination of physical evidence is called
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
scientists solve problems using an approach known as
PROBATIVE
evidence that is relavant and proves something is said to be
ARRAIGNMENT
first act in a criminal proceeding where the defendant is brought before court to hear charges and enter a plea
CONSTITUTION
statutory law is based on the
MATERIAL
evidence that adresses an issue of a paticular crime is said to be
PRIVATE LAW
civil law is sometimes referred to as
REASONABLE DOUBT
in criminal law a person must be found guilty beyond a
IDENTIFYING AND COMPARING RELEVANT MATERIAL
forensic science must link evidence to a crime and to the suspect by
SERIOUS CRIME
a felony is considered a
BRING THE ACCUSED TO FORMAL TRIAL
grand jury can be used to determine whether there's enough evidence to
FINGER PRINTING SYSTEM USED IN EUROPE AND U.S.
edward henry established
BUT NOT ALL VIOLATIONS ARE INFRACTIONS
all infractions are violations
COURT OF LAW
an expert witness can give his/her opinion in a
A VIOLATION HAS OCCURED
any time a law has been broken
ANYTHING THAT TENDS TO ESTABLISH OR DISPROVE A FACT
evidence is
FRY VS. U.S.
case that decided evidence allowed in court depends on what is "generally accepted" by the relevant scientific community
BIOLOGY
crime unit that would analyze blood stains
BOTH CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CASES
forensic scientists may examine evidence dealing with
1500's
earliest known use of blood splatter evidence occured in the
LIE DETECTORS
not admissible in court of law
THE MIRANDA RIGHTS
the right to be slient and the right to an attorney is coverend in
FRANCE
first crime lab was established in
PUBLIC LAW
criminal law is sometimes refered to as
DEA FBI ATF
gov't agencies that maintain their own crime lab
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
crime unit that would analyze soil
FINES
violations of civil law are punishable by
WHEN DEFENDANT PLEAS GUILTY AND THE CHARGE IS REDUCED
plea bargin
PROVIDE EXPERT TESTIMONY, TRAIN/OVERSEE OTHERS COLLECTING EVIDENCE, EXAMINE EVIDENCE
a job of a forensic scientist
1930's
fbi crime laboratory was created in the
A JUDGE
who determines a person to be an expert
IT APPLIES ONLY TO STATE COURT
daubert ruling-- not true
1990's
daubert vs. merrell dow-- case occured in the
5TH AMENDMENT
amendment that guarantees your right against self-incrimination
4TH AMENDMENT
amendment that protects against unreasonable search and seizure
THE FBI
not included uner administrative law
EXPERIENCE OF EXPERT, EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND, ABILITY OF EXPERT TO TALK IN CLEAR CONCISE LANGUAGE
effectiiveness of an experts testimony is almost always dependent on
ADRESSES AN ISSUE, IS RELEVANT, IS RELIABLE
evidence is admissible if it
STAT DECISIS
means that previous legal decisions are to be followed
A JURY
notion a preliminary hearing