The ____________ studies body fluids, tissues, and organs to detect and identify drugs and poisons.
Toxicologist
True or False: Toxicologists are employed only by crime laboratories.
False
The most heavily abused drug in the Western world is ___________.
Ethyl Alcohol
The transformation of chemicals introduced into the body into substances that are easier to eliminate is called _____________.
Metabolism
Alcohol consumed on an empty stomach is absorbed (faster, slower) than an equivalent amount of alcohol taken when there is food in the stomach.
Faster
Alcohol is eliminated from the body by ___________ and __________.
Oxidation, Excretion
Approximately 98 percent of the ethyl alcohol consumed is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the ________.
Liver
The amount of alcohol exhaled in the _________ is directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood.
Breath
Alcohol is eliminated from the blood at an average rate of __________ percent w/v.
0.015
True or False: The amount of alcohol in the blood is not directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the brain.
False
True or False: Blood-alcohol levels have become the accepted standard for relating alcohol intake to its effect on the body.
True
Under normal drinking conditions, alcohol concentration in the blood peaks in _____ to _____ minutes.
30, 90
An ___________ carries blood away from the heart; a _______ carries blood back to the heart.
Artery, Vein
The ___________ artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary
Alcohol passes from the blood capillaries into the ____________ sacs in the lungs.
Alveoli
One milliliter of blood contains the same amount of alcohol as approximately ____________ milliliters of alveolar breath.
2,100
True or False: When alcohol is being absorbed into the blood, the alcohol concentration in venous blood is higher than that in arterial blood.
False
True or False: Portable, handheld, roadside breath testers for alcohol provide evidential test results.
False
Most modern breath testers use ____________ radiation to detect and measure alcohol in the breath.
Infrared
In an alcohol ______________, two platinum electrodes are separated by an acid- or base-containing porous membrane, and one of the electrodes is positioned to come into contact with a subject's breath sample.
Fuel Cell
To avoid the possibility of testing "mouth alcohol", the operator of a breath tester must not allow the subject to take any foreign materials into the mouth for _____ to _____ minutes prior to the test.
15, 20
True or False: A series of reliable and effective psychophysical tests are the horizontal-gaze nystagmus, the walk and turn, and the one-leg stand.
True
Alcohol can be separated from other volatiles in blood and measured by the technique of ________________.
Gas Chromatography
When drawing blood for alcohol testing, the breath test operator must first wipe the suspect's skin with a _______________ disinfectant.
Nonalcoholic
True or False: Failure to add a preservative, such as sodium fluoride, to blood removed from a living person may lead to a decline in alcohol concentration.
True
Most states have established ______ percent w/v as the impairment limit for blood-alcohol concentration in noncommercial drivers.
0.08
Studies show that an individual is about ______ times as likely to become involved in an automobile accident at the legal limit for blood alcohol as a sober individual.
Four
In the case of _____________________, the Supreme Court ruled that taking non testimonial evidence, such as the blood sample, did not violate a suspect's Fifth Amendment rights.
Schmerber v. California
After entering the body, heroin is changed into ____________.
Morphine
The body fluids ________ and ________ are both desirable for the toxicological examination of a living person suspected of being under the influence of a drug.
Blood, Urine
A large number of drugs can be classified chemically as _______ or ________.
Acids, Bases
True or False: Water with a pH value of less than 7 is basic.
False
Drugs are extracted from body fluids and tissues by carefully controlling the ______ of the medium in which the sample has been dissolved.
pH
Both __________ and __________ tests must be incorporated into the drug-testing protocol of a toxicology laboratory to ensure the correctness of the laboratory's conclusions.
Screening, Confirmation
The most widely used screening tests used by toxicologists are _________________, ___________________, and _________________.
Thin-layer Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Immunoassay
The preferred method for confirmation testing is a combination of _____________ and _____________, which creates a unique pattern that can be used for identification.
Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry
A toxicologist may be able to detect and identify a long abused drug or poison because drugs present in blood diffuse through capillary walls into the base of a _______ and become permanently entrapped in its hardening protein structure.
Hair
The gas _______________ combines with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin, thus interfering with the transportation of oxygen in the blood.
Carbon Monoxide
True or False: Blood levels of drugs can be used alone to draw definitive conclusions about the effects of a drug on an individual.
False
True or False: The level of a drug present in the urine is by itself a poor indicator of how extensively an individual is affected by a drug.
True
Urine and blood drug levels are best used by law enforcement authorities and the courts to _________ other investigative and medical findings pertaining to an individual's condition.
Corroborate
A program to train police as ________________ incorporates systematic and standardized methods for examining suspects to determine whether they have taken one or more drugs.
Drug Recognition Expert