ANTHROPOMETRY
is a system of identification of individuals by measurement of parts of the body this was developed by Alphonse Bertillon
PORTRAIT PARLE�
this is a verbal description of physical characteristics and dress provided by an eyewitness
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (MINUTIAE)
ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established
LATENT FINGERPRINT
latent fingerprint is a fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/ or perspiration; it is invisible to the naked eye
LOOP
a class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around to exit from the same side of the pattern
WHORL
a class of fingerprints that includes ridge patterns that are generally rounded or circular in shape and have two deltas
ARCH
a class fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side
Francis Galton, he discussed the anatomy of fingerprints and suggested methods for recoding them. He also proposed assigning fingerprints to three pattern types - loops, arches, and whorls. Most important, the book demonstrated that no two prints are iden
Who published the first book on the science of fingerprinting? What were the book's most important contributions to understanding fingerprints?
The creation of the classification systems capable of filing thousands of prints in a logical and searchable sequence was developed by Dr. Juan Vucetich in 1891. In 1897, another classification system was proposed by an Englishman, Sir Edward Richard Henr
What major advance in fingerprint technology was pioneered by Juan Vucetich and Sir Richard Henry? What was the importance of this advance?
The individuality of a fingerprint is not determined by its general shape or pattern but by a careful study of its ridge characteristics
What aspect of a fingerprint determines its individuality?
they determine the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin. Once the dermal papillae develop in the human fetus, the ridge patterns remain unchanged throughout life except to enlarge during growth
What are the dermal papillae, and why are they important in fingerprinting?
Each skin ridge is populated by a single row of pores that are the openings for ducts leading from the sweat glands. Through these ores, perspiration is discharged and deposited on the surface of the skin. Once the finer touches a surface, perspiration, a
Briefly describe how a latent fingerprint is formed.
If an injury reaches deeply enough into the skin and damages the dermal papillae, a permanent scar forms. However, for this to happen, such a wound would have to penetrate 1 to 2 millimeters beneath the skin's surface. The presence of permanent scars mere
Why is it almost impossible to obscure one's fingerprints by surgery or mutilation?
All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern: loops, whorls, and arches. 60-65% of the population has loops, 30-35% has whorls, and about 5% has arches.
List the three types of fingerprints, and the relative percentage of each type. Which is the most common type?
loops
Which type of fingerprint must have at least one delta?
plain arch
Which is the simplest of all fingerprint patterns, formed by ridges entering from one side of the print, and exiting on the opposite side?
whorls
10. Which class of fingerprints includes ridge patterns that are generally rounded or circular and have two deltas?
portrait parle�
detailed description of perpetrator's physical characteristics & dress
anthropometry
11 key measurements of
parts of the body
fingerprints in early 1900's
Bertillon System was replaced with what? when?
William Herschel
English civil servant in India who required natives to sign contracts with right hand imprint
used tosign legal documents
chinese 3000 years ago...?
Dr. Henry Fauld
suggested skin ridge patterns could identify criminals when he wrote to his cousin, Charles Darwin.
Dr. Henry Fauld
At his own expense, he offered to set up a fingerprint bureau at Scotland Yard, but was rejected in favor of Bertillon System.
Francis Galton
After Darwin declined to help his cousin Fauld, he forwarded the letter to his other cousin who?
Francis Galton, 1892
who published Finger Prints? when?
loops arches and whorls
Francis Galton proposed assigning fingerprints to three pattern types called what?
Galton
who said no two fingerprints are identical, fingerprints remain unchanged from year to year.
Dr. Juan Vucetich
Argentinian police officer who developed first classfication system to file thousands of prints in a logical & searchable sequence.
first classfication system
Still used in most Spanish-speaking countries.
Sir Edward Richard Henry
adopted by Scotland Yard
proposed another classification system, used by most English-speaking countries, including the U.S.
error, especially by people who don't know how to properly measure!
Bertillon's System begins to be abandoned in the early 1900's due to what?
Will & William West
2 prisoners in 1903 with exact same measurements who looked strikingly alike. Only their fingerprints could be used to tell them apart!
FBI
what has the largest collection of fingerprints in the world?
England and most of Eurppe
By the start of WW I ------- had adopted fingerprinting as primary method of criminal identification?
First Principle
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. No two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics (minutiae).
fingerprints
Galton calculated the possible existence of 64 billion different what?
mathmatical models
what have supported this idea, and the courts accept fingerprints as valid evidence?
FBI, NO
the FBI has--- fingerprints in their database, and there are ---matches
shape/ study of ridge characteristics minutiae/ridge endings, enclosures, bifurcations, etc.
The individuality of a fingerprint is determined not by ---- but by----which includes ---?
partial prints
Most prints at a crime scene are what?
8-16
It takes approx---ridge comparisons to identify 2 fingerprints as being the same.
Second Principle
A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual's lifetime
friction skin ridges
what on our skin shows a series of "hills" (ridges) and "valleys" (grooves)?
hill-ridges
valleys-grooves
hills-
valleys-
dermal papillae
a layer of cells separating the epidermis and dermis that creates the pattern of ridges on the surface of the skin.
pores
Each skin ridge has a single row of ---that act as openings for ducts from the sweat glands.
sweat
comes through the pores and is deposited on the surface of the skin
latent fingerprints
When something is touched, perspiration and oils are transferred to the surface, leaving an impression of the finger's ridge pattern
If a deep injury reaches the dermal papillae, a permanent scar forms. It would be impossible to destroy all ridge characteristics on the hand, and there would be visible scars.
Can fingerprints be changed or obscured?
Third Principle
Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systemically classified.
loops - 65% of population have; ridge lines enter one side, curve to exit from same side, & have one delta
ulnar loop - opens toward little finger
radial loop - opens toward thumb
what are the Three classes of fingerprints?
loops
65% of population have; ridge lines enter one side, curve to exit from same side, & have one delta
ulnar loop
opens toward little finger
radial loop
opens toward thumb
whorls
30-35% of population;
ridge patterns generally rounded/circular & two deltas
plain whorl
delta to delta line goes through circle
central pocket loop wholr
delta to delta line does not intersect circle
arches
5% of population; ridge lines enter one side and flow out the other side
numer
Old systems assigned --- to each finger's pattern to create a unique number for each person
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)
-since 1970
-FBI maintains the largest in the US- 50 million fingerprint records
-computer scans and digitally encodes fingerprints
-computer converts scan into digital minutiae showing ridge endings and bifurcations (branching)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)
-A set of ten-fingerprints can be searched against 500,000 ten-finger prints in 0.8 seconds!
- A fingerprint expert makes the final verification of the print's identity.
inked fingerprints/ live scan
today instead of using --- to san in, officers often use--- to send fingerprint within minutes to AFIS
Visible Prints
#NAME?
Plastic Prints
ridge impressions left on a soft material (putty, wax, dust)
Latent Prints
invisible; impressions caused by the transfer of perspiration or oils to a surface
visible or plastic prints
--- or ----are usually easy to spot at a crime scene.
--hard/nonabsorbent (tile, mirrors, glass)- developed by application of powder or treatment with superglue
--soft/porous (paper, cloth, cardboard)- require treatment with chemicals
latent prints detection depends upon the surface:
Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System (RUVIS)
a) new method for latent print detection
b) aims UV light at surface which reflects back, differentiating a print from its background surface
c) doesn't require chemicals/powders!
Fingerprint Powders
-applied with brush and adheres to perspiration residues and/or body oils
-color of powder depends upon surface
gray = dark surfaces
black = white/light surfaces
magnetic powder
useful on leather and rough plastics where surface holds ordinary powders; no brush needed-applied with magnet
Fluorescent powders
glow under UV light
Iodine Fuming
-oldest chemical method
-sublimes (changes from a solid to a gas directly) when heated
-material is placed in an enclosed cabinet with iodine crystals
- vapors combine with the latent print to make it visible
- not permanent and fade, so pictures must be
Ninhydrin
-Chemical that reacts to form purple- blue with amino acids present in perspiration..
-useful on porous surfaces
- prints appear within 1-2 hours, faster if heated
- has developed prints up to 15 years old on paper
silver nitrate
what is a type of physical developer?
destroys proteins from an object's surface, so must be used after iodine and ninhydrin testing
what is a con of silver nitrate?
Super Glue Fuming
-since 1982
- nonporous materials (metals, electrical tape, leather, plastic bags)
- object put in enclosed chamber with glue vapors for up to six hours
-can be used within car interior
-latent prints appear white
pixels
Picture of fingerprint is converted to a digital file composed of what?