Allele
An alternate form of a gene
Chromosome
A cell structure that contains genetic information along strands of DNA
DNA fingerprint
Pattern of DNA fragments obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs
DNA probe
A molecule labeled with a radioactive isotope to die or enzyme that is used to locate a particular sequence or gene on a DNA molecule
Electrophoresis
A method of separating molecules such as DNA according to their size and electrical charge using an electric current passing through it a gel containing the samples
Gene
Segment of DNA on a chromosome that contains information used to produce a protein or RNA molecule
PCR
A method used to rapidly make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA
Restriction enzyme
The molecule that cut the DNA molecule at specific base sequences
STR
Tandem repeats of short DNA sequences with varying numbers of repeats found among individuals have 2 - 5 base pairs
VNTR
Tandem repeats of a short DNA sequence about 9 to 80 base pairs with the varying numbers of repeats among them
DNA fingerprinting
What is also known as DNA profiling it is used with a high degree of accuracy
Genetic material
DNA contains what of a cell
Nucleus
Chromosomes are located where
Chromosomes
Contain long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins
Adenine cytosine guanine and thymine
What are the four nitrogenous bases
Adenine binds with thymine and cytosine binds with guanine
Base pairing rules for the nitrogenous bases
Polymorphism
Non-coding DNA that contain long unique patterns of repeated base sequences that are unique to an individual
DNA fingerprinting
What isolates and analyzes polymorphisms
Shoulder-length make STR easier to use than VNTR
What is easier to use the vntr or Str and why
Tissue matching and inheritance matching
What VNTR and STR analyzed for
Tissue matching
Two samples that have the same band pattern are from the same person
Inheritance matching
Each band a child's DNA fingerprint must be present and at least one parent
Population genetics
The study of Gene variations among groups of individuals
Biological evidence
Saliva blood skin hair are examples of what
Individual evidence
Is capable of identifying a specific person
Trace evidence
Small amounts of evidence
Polymerase chain reaction
Technique generates multiple copies of DNA evidence
Disposable gloves and collection instruments avoid physical contact and the evidence area Airdrie the evidence and put it into new paper bags dry or freeze it and keep the evidence cool and dry
What is the collection in preparation of DNA
Extraction
Covert isolated from biological evidence such as blood saliva urine Heron and they are distributed to release the DNA from proteins
From the nucleus of the cell
Where can DNA be extracted from
Amplification
Polymers chain reaction can be used to do what to the DNA that contains of the VNTR
DNA moves towards a positive ends
What way does DNA move
DNA probe
Identify the unique sequence in a person's DNA
6 to 8 Probs
In most criminal cases how many probes are used
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What does DNA stand for
Genetic information
DNA contains what
Made up of sugar and phosphate molecules
The sides or backbone of the DNA molecule are made up of what
Heat sunlight moisture bacteria in world
What environmental factors can affect DNA
When for how long the suspect was at the crime
What can DNA not
CODIS
And electric database of DNA profiles that can identify a suspect
Cookie an extraction is important part of the process because the DNA 43 pierside away from proteins and other cellular containment
What are some reasons for extracting DNA
A nucleus is inside every cell there's about two meters of DNA in the cell
What is inside every cell of the human body and how much DNA is present
The skin on the inside of your mouth because it loses thousands of cells everyday
What is a good an easy place to extract DNA from humans
1 collect cheek cells to herself open to release DNA three separate DNA from protein for isolate concentrate DNA
What are the steps to purify DNA from a test subject
Lysis means to separate in Greek
What does lysis mean in Greek
It contains two important ingredients detergent and an enzyme called proteinsek
Why is lysis solution used for DNA extractions
The focus of proteins and other cell debris to clump together
What does the salt solution do to the sample
To separate the DNA from the liquid
Why do you put the sample in the centrifuge
It allows you to see the company with your naked eye
What does the isopropyl alcohol allow you to do
Spinach chicken liver strawberries and broccoli
What are some household items you can extract DNA from
Double Helix. Looks like a twisted ladder. Alternating sugar/phosphate backbone with nitrogen base rungs.
Briefly describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
What 3 parts make up a DNA nucleotide?
2
How many strings does a DNA molecule have
46 total chromosomes (23 pairs); each sperm or egg cell contains 3 billion bases of DNA
How many total chromosomes do humans have? How many base pairs of DNA are found in human DNA?
Criminal and legal cases to see if a suspect is linked to a crime scene or can be excluded; paternity cases; tissue matching; identification of victim; free individuals who were falsely imprisoned; identification of human remains (example: after natural d
What can DNA fingerprinting be used for (name 3)?
Non-coding DNA that contain unique patterns of repeated base sequences that are unique to individuals
What polymorphisms
STR stands for short tandem repeats, usually a noncoding region 2-5 DNAbases in length. STR is more preferred as it has higher accuracy by examining smaller DNA samples. VNTR stands for variable numbers of tandem repeats, usually a noncoding region that v
What is the difference between STR and VNTR? Which is more useful to study?
Combined DNA Index System. It is an electronic database of DNA profiles, consisting of individuals who have been convicted of rape, murder, child abuse, etc. The DNA profiles are intered into the database upon conviction.
What does CODIS stand for? What is it used for?
Mitochondria...inherited from female parent
Which cell organelle contains its own DNA? Is this DNA inherited from male or female parent?
blood, skin, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal fluid, hair that contains the follicle
Name 5 examples of sources of biological evidence.
Where disposable gloves and change them often use disposable instrument Airdrie evidence avoid talking sneezing or coughing but other than that new paper bags
Name 5 ways to avoid the contamination of DNA evidence.
In a paternity case, a child will have half of the DNA that was inherited from the mother and half of the DNA that was inherited from the father. This will be evident on the bands from gel electrophoresis. In a murder case, in order to convict someone bas
What is the difference in matching DNA profiles for a paternity case or a murder case?
The current causes the negatively charged DNA to move toward the positively charged end of the gel. The DNA migrates through the gel
How do you know an electric current is occurring in electrophoresis?
PCR allows forensic scientists to make billions of copies of DNA from tiny amounts in a matter of several hours. It has allowed the study of DNA fingerprinting to be used in many cases where there was only a very small DNA sample available
Why was the discovery of PCR in 1993 so impactful on the study of DNA fingerprints?
Free step instruction where you extract the DNA from the cells second step is the restriction fragments and some GTRs the DNA is cut by the restriction enzymes the Restriction enzyme recognizes a unique pattern of DNA bases and will cut the DNA at specifi
In detail, explain the process of DNA fingerprinting.
1. isolate the DNA 2. cut DNA using restriction enzymes 3.use electrophoresis 4. southern blotting 5.add radioactive tag probe 6.exposed to x-ray film. 7. result an auto radiograph
Steps to extracting DNA