confirmation bias
makes researchers more likely to ignore data that force them to contradict their preexisting notions.
DISadvantages of naturalistic observation?
� behavior of the participants can be contrived, due to the observer effect (correct answer)
� observer bias (correct answer, your response)
� naturalistic settings are unique and might have differences from one another (correct answer, your response)
DISadvantages of laboratory observation?
� the artificial lab environment might result in artificial bheaviors (correct answer, your response)
� observer bias (correct answer, your response)
DISadvantages of case studies?
� the results are unique to one individual, and so findings in one case study cannot always be generalized to others (correct answer, your response)
� detailed observation is vulnerable to observer bias (correct answer, your response)
DISadvantages of surveys?
� it can be challenging to get a representative sample (correct answer, your response)
� people often misremember or misrepresent themselves (correct answer, your response)
� courtesy bias (correct answer, your response)
courtesy bias
occurs in surveys when participants respond inaccurately to avoid being offensive
observer effect
process wherein animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally
participant observation
technique where in a researcher participates in the group she is observing
observer bias
occurs when a person recognizes only those actions that support the preconceived expectation, and ignores contradictory actions
representative sample
a randomly selected group large enough to produce reliable data
To avoid the __________ effect, a researcher must often remain _________ from view.
observer, hidden
To avoid _________ bias, a research project should use
___________ observers, who do not know what the research question is, and thus have no bias. Also, multiple observers should be used.
observer, blind
Two methods that allow researchers to know more than just a description of something
correlations and experiments
Correlation technique
looks for patterns
measure of the relationship between two or more variables. It's always between -1 and 1.
correlation coefficient
r, measures the direction of a relationship and its strength
r is near 0
weak relationship between variables
experiment
only research method that allows a researcher to determine the cause of a behavior.
confounding variable
blurs the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
random assignment
each participant should have an equal change of being assigned to any experimental or control group.
double-blind study
neither participants nor experimenters know what group participants have been assigned to
experimenter effect
results when a researcher inadvertently affects the outcome of an experiment because of her expectations
placebo
a substitute for a treatment that has no medical effect
single-blind study
participants don't know what group (experimental or control) they've been assigned to, but researchers do
placebo effect
improvement in a patient due to how the participant believes a treatment should work