Contextual
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Individuality and togetherness
each individual needs companionship and independence and anxiety is experienced when these two needs polarize the individual, balance is achieved with self-differentiation
Differentiation of Self
This concept refers to an individual's capacity to balance thinking with feeling, (individuality with togetherness). High differentiation = less reactivity and low differentiation = high reactivity
Triangles
a person in a relationship pulls in a third party to create the illusion of emotional closeness that they are not receiving from the other individual in the relationship, decreasing anxiety by spreading it across a third party
Nuclear Family Emotional System
another name for Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass
Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass
(Nuclear Family Emotional System) An excess of emotional reactivity, anxiety, and fusion within a family system
Family Projection Process
The concept identifies that individuals with limited emotional resources are likely to project their needs onto others in the family.
Multigenerational Transmission Process
This term refers to the emotional forces in families that continue over the years in interconnected patterns, transmitting down from one generation to the next.
Sibling Position
Bowen endorsed that an individual's personality development will be highly influenced by his or her position in the sibling birth order. This also plays a role in how children are chosen as the object for the family projection process.
Emotional Cutoff
A problematic manner in which individuals deal with unresolved issues through a process of separation, isolation, withdrawal, running away, or denying the importance of one's parental family.
Societal Emotional Process
The impact of social influences on family functions. Individuals with higher levrls of self-differentiation are less vulnerable to destructive societal influences such as sexism and discrimination.
Goals of Multigenerational Family Therapy
1. decrease anxiety
2. increase levesl of differentiation in as many family members as possible
detriangulate
families will automatically attempt to triangulate the therapist, so therapist remains neutral & differentiated, to derease emotionality across the family& make room for constructively resolving conflict.
nonanxious presence
Bowen - therapist remains differentiated and models nonreactivity
genogram
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process questions
questions aimed to slow individual down, decreasing emotionality and increasing rationality as the individual becomes more aware of how stress and anxiety influence behavior (Bowen)
going home again
intervention encourage ct to go home and resolve any conflicted relationships
displacement stories
Guerin's intervention meant to help individuals create distance between themselves and their problems and encourage rationality by having them reflect on another couple's conflict as opposed to their own - Bowen
coaching
therapist's role with clients according to Bowen
the "I" position
use of "I" statements to express thoughts & feelings
relationship experiments
intervention that directed clients to experiment with different ways of behaving and responding to one another, means to help clients become aware of systemic processes by understanding how their behaviors impact others - Bowen
person-to-person relationships
two people relating without triangulating another , use of I statements - Bowen
3 phases of Multigenerational Family Therapy
1. Assessment Phase
2. The Genogram Phase
3. The Differentiation Phase
The Assessment Phase (Bowen)
history taking to understand the family system & members, assess for patterns of togetherness & individuality by exploring family of origin, presence of triangles, & levels of differentiation
The Genogram Phase (Bowen)
therapist and clients co-construct a family diagram
The Differentiation Phase (Bowen)
reduce anxiety & increase levels of differentiation, informed by the genogram & family history
Which category does Contextual Family Therapy fall under?
Transgenerational Models
Definition of Contextual Family Therapy
applies principles of psychoanalytic theory to the family system, acknowledges past generations influence
Founder of Contextual Family Therapy
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Focus on Contextual Family Therapy
fairness & relational ethics
2 primary characteristics of high functioning families (Contextual/Nagy)
reliability & trustworthiness
entitlement (Contextual/Nagy)
what individuals are inherently due from others in their family as well as what is earned from others based upon behavior toward them
ledger (Contextual/Nagy)
how individuals keep track of and balance debts and entitlements
facts (Contextual/Nagy)
stable & physical attributes that individuals are born with & the contextual circumstances of their upgbringing
psychology (Contextual/Nagy)
a person's internal experience of the world, (thoughts, desires, emotions, & meaning), as facts occur externally to the individual psychology develops internally in the individual
relational ethics (Contextual/Nagy)
responsibility that each family member has for the impact of their behaviors on others
loyalty (Contextual/Nagy)
an individual's internalized of & obligations to his family of origin, exerts a powerful influence over the individiual's functioning
legacy (Contextual/Nagy)
certain attributes or qualities that are attributed to an individual as an account of being born to his parents
equitable asymmetry (Contextual/Nagy)
children are not able to card for themselves & are entirely dependent upon their parents, making them vulnerable or entitled based upon the circumstances of their upbringing
merit (Contextual/Nagy)
earned when parents are responsible & ethical with the equitable asymmetry withing the parent-child relationship, parents are rewarded with loyalty from therr childhood as they mature into adults
filial loyalty (Contextual/Nagy)
children are inherently loyal to their FOO
split filial loyalty (Contextual/Nagy)
when a child finds himself in a position where they have to choose a loyalty toward one parent at the expense of being loyal to the other parent
revolving slate of injustice (Contextual/Nagy)
multigenerational transmission of destructive entitlement in which one generation harms the next generation, despite the fact that there was no wrong doing
filial responsibility/debts (Contextual/Nagy)
as an account for the child's experience of the degree of fairness & ethical consideration from their parents toward them, they will either be debits (destructive entitlement) or filial responsibility (loyalty)
destructive entitlement (Contextual/Nagy)
result of individual experiencing the denia lof entitlement from their family of origin, and then seek what they believed to be owed to them through a different relationship, usually their family of creation
parentification (Contextual/Nagy)
child attempts to earn love by acting as a parent's caretaker, takes on the role of the parent for the parent
exoneration (Contextual/Nagy)
process by which an individual restores balance in their ledger
deparentification process (Contextual/Nagy)
Therapist becomes temporarily parentified to relieve the child & then addresses larger family dynamics to work toward systemic change.
4 dimensions of Contextual Therapy
psychology, facts, relational ethics, transactions
transactions (Contextual/Nagy)
patterns of organization & dynamics within the family system
assessment in Contextual Therapy
focus on family resources, monitoring the presence of & interactions within the 4 dimensions, tracking themes of trust, loyalty, reliability, & fairness
diagnosis in Contextual Therapy
non-pathologizing, systemic focuson the presenting problem
goals of Contextual Therapy
1. individuals taking responsibility for their own behaviors (working through entitlements)
2. reclaims disowned parts of themselves (working through legacies)
3. differentiating between irrational guilt & justifiable guilt
4. achieving exoneration of sel
phases of therapy in Contextual Therapy
1. Early Phase - gathering family history, genorgram, start to recognize deeper motivational factors (hidden loyaltes, ledger imbalances, destructive entitlements, parentification processes)
2. Middle Phase - address urgent issues, hearing each individual
Object Relations Theory
individuals form relationships based on a fundamental need to seek relationships, if a good childhood then they will look for that in relationships, if abusive or neglectful they will look for that in relationships
Contributors to Object Relations Theory
James Framo, secondary contributors Norman Paul and Jill & David Schariff
objects (ORT)
internalized images of an individual's primary caregiver throughout infancy and early childhood, have the potential to influence them throughout adulthood
insight & working through (ORT)
reshape patterns learned in childhood
projection (ORT)
parent projects repressed objection relationship onto the child
projective identification (ORT)
child internalizes projections from parents into significant components of his personality development
insight (ORT)
awareness & understanding of how underlying dynamics impact behavior & relationships
Working through (ORT)
the process of translating insight into constructive ways of being
interpretation (ORT)
therapist's hypothesis about ow the client's past experiences influence current struggles & behavior
transference (ORT)
atribution of qualities onto others or therapist that reflect the unresolved grievances from past relationships
countertransference (ORT)
therapist attributes qualities onto others that reflect the therapist's unresolved grievances from past relationships
introject (ORT)
internalized objects become all good or all bad
Assessment in Object Relations Theory
1. exploring childhood experiences & the client's interpretation of them
2. exploring the individual's past & present relationship with their primary caregivers
3. exploring their current relationship style & areas in which they may be struggling to estab
goals of Object Relations Theory
develop insight & be working through unresolved conflict while developing new ways of behaving governed by a healthy, central ego. goals change
phases of Object Relations Theory
1. Early phase - assess early childhood experiences, explore individual's past & present relationships to primary caregiver and current relationship style, areas of struggle to maintain healthy relationships
2. Middle Phase - fostering insight, uncover th
dirty middle (ORT)
the middle of therapy when insight is achieved but working through is at an impasse, resulting in a divide between each partner's philosophy of marriage or a dispute over a seemingly irreconcilable disagreement, leverage to bring in their FOO
Primary Contributers to MRI Systemic Approach
Bateson, Jackson, Satir, Haley, Weakland, and Watzlawick
first-order change
behavioral change
second-order change
change in rules & beliefs
report
content of the message
command
underlying relationship message
metacommunication (MRI)
communication about the communication (non-verbals)
complementary relationship (MRI)
based on differences that fit together
symmetrical relationship
based on equality, behavior mirrors each other
paradoxical intervention
intervention aimed at families resistance to change
positioning (MRI)
paradoxical intervention pushing a family member into the absurdity of their initial position
primary contributors of Strategic Family Therapy
Haley, Madanes
According to Strategic Family Therapy what function do symptoms serve?
symptoms stem from a faulty organization within the family and maintain its structure and homeostasis
According to Strategic Family Therapy how is structure family structure important to therapy?
hierarchical arrangement of family members brings parents together to work on their child's problems and strengthen the couple's relationship
positive feedback loops (Strategic)
disrupts homeostasis
ordeal therapy(Strategic)
paradoxical directive that creates more work for the client than it would to change the behavior
unbalancing (Strategic)
therapist intentionally sides with one family member, meant to disrupt homeostasis and encourage change at the behavioral and structural level
presenting problem as a metaphor (Strategic)
symptom redefined as a metaphor of a larger problem
4 stags of the first session (Strategic)
1. Social stage
2. Problem stage
3. Interaction Stage
4. Goal Setting Stage
metamorphic task (Strategic)
directive around a metaphor that describes/resembles a family dynamic that is too difficult to talk about
pretend to have a symptom (Strategic)
Mandanes would ask the child to have a symptom and ask parents to help the child through it
incongruous hierarchies (Strategic)
children create symptoms to change their parents
Who is the primary contributor of Strategic-Humanism?
Cloe Madanes
According to Strategic-Humanism model what is the sources of all problems?
conflict between love and violence
What are the goals of Strategic-Humanism?
love and happiness
4 ways people go about resolving conflict (Strategic Humanism)
1. dominate and control (behavioral problems)
2. desire to be loved (anxious & depressive problems)
3. love and protect (related to problems of abuse and neglect)
4. repent & forgive ( problems related to sexual &/or physical abuse)
What are the interventions of Strategic-Humanism?
triangulation, dramatizations, pretending, make-believe play
primary contributors of Milan Systemic Approach
Palazzoli, Prata, Boscolo, Cecchin
2 interventions of the Milan Systemic Approach
positive connotation, ritual
epistemology
how we know what we know
epistemological error
when beliefs are incongruent with reality and become problematic
games (Milan Systemic Approach)
unacknowledged strategies, attempt to control one another
analogical message (Milan Systemic Approach)
little structure but rich in context
digital message (Milan Systemic Approach)
the content of the message (objective)
punctuation (Milan Systemic Approach)
attributing one's behavior to the behavior of another
time (Milan Systemic Approach)
historic perception of a problem influences current perception of a problem
goals of Milan Systemic Approach
to open families to accommodating and adjusting to new information and beliefs to maintain healthy systemic functioning
positive connotation (Milan Systemic Approach)
reframe to prove client's motive is positive
rituals (Milan Systemic Approach)
an intervention in which a specific behaviors for a specific time to provide clarity of the problem
counterparadox (Milan Systemic Approach)
intervention to unravel family's double bind message by referring to dysfunction as necessary & telling them not to change
a learning process (Milan Systemic Approach)
intervention as a learning experience whereby they could test hypothesis & interventions by trial & error
5 parts of a session (Milan Systemic Approach)
1. pres-session
2. session
3. intersession
4. intervention
5. post-session discussion
invariant prescription (Later Milan Group)
intervention in 3rd session when therapist tells parents to tell kids they have a secret & go away on a trip together
concepts of the Later Milan Group
hypothesizing, circularity, and neurtrality
only intervention of the Later MIlan Group
circular questioning
circular questioning
therapist asks one family member to comment on the interaction of the other two family members to create circularity within the system and help therapist to build a more elaborate hypothesis
Primary contributor to Structural Family Therapy
Salvador Minuchin
roles (Structural)
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communication styles (Structural)
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interactional styles (Structural)
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covert rules (Structural)
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overt rules (Structural)
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How is change achieved in Structural Therapy?
shifting the structure of the family in a way that is more open and flexible and less rigid and closed
substystems (Structural)
individuals, dyads, and triads within the family that perform functions
boundaries (Structural)
hypothetical lines that protects a family subsystem
rigid boundary (Structural)
overly restriictive - disengages from other subsystems
diffuse boundary(Structural)
permeable - prone to emeshment
clear boundary (Structural)
allows parents to maintain heirarchial role
disengaged systems (Structural)
independent or isolated
complementarity (Structural)
balanced relationship - good teamwork
intervening (Structural)
therapist steps in and out of family
4 things does a Structural Therapist tracks in the assessment phase
boundaries, complementarity, hierarchy, conflict management
Goal of Structural Therapy
to alter, reorganize, and restructure the family system in a way that promotes problem solving capacities and encourages new growth in each individual while supporting the family as a whole
2 primary elements of a healthy family (Structural)
1. a functioning spousal subsystem (generational hierarchy)
2. clear boundaries between all individuals and subsystems
joining and accommodating (Structural)
therapist adopts to family patterns of communication & mannerisms to create therapeutic space
mimesis (Structural)
therapist replicates client systems, body language, and mannerisms
intensity (Structural)
achieved by therapist increasing the affective component of an interacyion, by increasing the length of the dialogue or by repeating the same message in different interactions through the use of tone, volume, and pacing
planning (Structural)
period of assessment where therapist hypothesizes about family's structure while remaining open about its actual structure
enactments (Structural)
here and now behavioral experiences
spontaneous behavioral sequences (Structural)
similar to enactments except they are spontaneous, rather than directed by the therapist
affective intensity (Structural)
increase emotional intensity of affect - structural change
shaping competencies (Structural)
tell families what they are doing is right - increases confidence
unbalancing (Structural)
therapist intentionally sides with one family member to disrupt homeostasis & encourage change at the behavorial and structural level
punctuation (Structural)
emphasizes client's body language to allow them to become aware of their responses & reflect on the meaning
3 Phases of Structural Therapy
1. Joining and accommodating phase
2. Mapping the Family Structure phase
3. Intervening Phase
Primary Contributor to Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy
Carl Whitaker
The source of family dysfunction in Experiential Family Therapies
emotional supression
person of the therapist (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
authentic and real - relying on spontaneity of interventions
existential encounter (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
therapist gives his impressions of the family and receives their view of him/her
Therapy of the Absurd (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
Symbolic Experiential therapy may be referred to as absurd given its unrecognizable structure, spontaneous process, and therapist transparency.
individuation (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
primary goal in growth-oriented therapies, encourages client to be more of who they are
family interaction (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
flexibility and openness to family interactions
therapeutic double bind (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
a relational diagnosis that is unlikely to change
What is a Symbolic-Experiential Therapist assessing?
subsystems, emotional age vs. chronological age of each member, triadic patterns, dyadic collusions, teaming, individual dynamics
10 goals of Symbolic Experiential Therapy
1. increase level of stress
2. development of family nationalism
3. expand relationships with extended family
4. expand relationships to culture & community
5. develop a sense of family boundaries
6. separate the generations
7. family learns to play
8. de
battle for structure (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
therapist must win - how long, how often, who attends
battle for initiative (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
family must win, take responsibility for change
activating constructive anxiety (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
positive reframe of symptoms as efforts toward building competence by focusing on the positive attributes of anxiety as a means toward self growth
redefining symptoms (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
from pathological to efforts toward growth
fantasy alternative (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
de-emphasizing stressful situations by describing fantasy alternatives, what-if's
affective confrontation (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
therapist's intentional confrontation with the family, will directly share his subjective emotional experience of working with the family
degrees of craziness (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
being driven crazy, going crazy, acting crazy, exhibited by dysfunctional families
teaming role (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
healthy members of the family be intentionally paired into teaming roles by the therapist to encourage further healthy behavior by other family members
bilateral pseudo-therapy (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
occurs when family members attempt to play therapist to one another, to be avoided
bilateral transference (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
a therapist's intentional maneuver to adapt to the language, accent, rhythm, of posture of the family
flight toward health (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)
family stopped showing up for treatment, sign that the family had grown and no longer needed therapeutic support
Who is the mother of family therapy?
Virginia Satir
Where did Satir believe growth came from?
warmth, genuineness, congruent communication
Satir's 3 primary elements
The Self, The Other, The Context
leveling (Satir)
process leading to balanced decisions that honor all 3 identified parts of the relationship
4 assumptions of Satir Communications Therapists
1. People naturally tend toward positive growth.
2. All people possess the resources for positive growth.
3. Every person and every thing or situation impact and are impacted by everyone and everything else.
4. Therapy is a process involving interaction b
primary survival triad (Satir)
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body, mind, and feelings (Satir)
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Communication (Satir)
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Self-worth (Satir)
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dysfunctional communication styles (aka Survival Stances) (Satir)
placaters, blamers, computers, distractors, levelers
placaters (Satir)
...
blamers (Satir)
...
computers (Satir)
...
distractors (Satir)
...
levelers (Satir)
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levelers (congruence) (Satir)
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model integration analysis (Satir)
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role-function deiscrepance (Satir)
...
Satir's 3 themes of assessment
1. The family system's symptomatic behavior.
2. Communication patterns and stances.
3. The influence and exploration of family of origin issues.
What is the ultimate goal of therapy (Satir)?
growth, and growth in the individual will result in symptom reduction across the family system
Satir's 3 goals for improving communication in the family system
1. Increase congruent communication
2. Improved self esteem. recognition of each individual
3. Growth - as self-esteem is recognized and nurtured, individuals are able to actualize their growth potential
Vehicles of Change
role of therapist, modeling communication, metaphors, self-mandala, parts party, temperature reading, family reconstruction, family sculpting
role of therapist (Satir)
equal, a unique individual serving to facilitate change through genuineness, empathy, curiosity and transparency
modeling communication (Satir)
the therapist's ability to effectively model functional, healthy communicatione
metaphors (Satir)
symbolic representation that captures essential features of an object or event by using a description of a different category of objects or events
self-mandala (Satir)
individuals create a circle in the center of the page with the identifier "Iam" with 8 other concentric circles (physical, intellectual, emotional, sensual, interactional, nutritional, contextual, spiritual), illuminates strength's resources, interrelated
parts party (Satir)
intervention in which individuals explore their parts, to promote wholeness & integration, have others act out their various parts
temperature reading (Satir)
intervention that explores thoughts & feelings while improving communication and self-worth, clients share appreciations, excitements, complaints and possible solutions, hopes, wishes
family reconstruction (Satir)
a process in which an individual re-experiences the development of their primary triad across several generations
family sculpting (Satir)
in-session intervention where family members place other members in positions symbolic of their role in the family and from the perspective of the sculptor, family members take turns
primary contributors to Collaborative Languages Approach
Goolishan, Anderson, Tomm, Anderson
What is the focus of Collaborative Languages Approach?
the role that language and conversations play in the development and maintenance of relational discord & gender dissatisfaction
What is the goal of Collaborative Languages Approach?
changing the manner in which people talk about themselves, their problems, and the world at large, making room for new meaning and adapting the lived narrative both individually and collectively
not-knowing approach (Collaborative Language)
the stance of the therapist as not taking on the role of expert, diagnostician, or interventionist, instead, remain open& curious to the lived experience of each individual, individual is the expert in their own lives
problem-determining system (Collaborative Languages)
problems arise & maintain based on the how a person communicates about them, language maintains the problem, change in language promotes new meaings and possibilities, disillusioning the problem
language (Collaborative Languages)
therapists intentionally adapt to the style and form of language used by clients in order to join and enter the client's world
inventive questioning (Collaborative Languages)
(Karl Tomm) helps families in finding new ways of communicating, behaving, and creating meaning
reflecting team (Collaborative Languages)
...
primary contributors of Feminist Family Therapy
Papp, Silverstein, Walters, Carter, Luepnitiz, Hare-Mustin
neutrality (Feminist)
each family member feels validated, accepted, and equally invested in by the therapist
goals of Feminist Family Therapy
1. awareness of societal oppression
2. empower individuals to choose and contruct desired role
3. explore issues of power and control
4. help men to become more in touch with emotional side and empower women to move beyond societal limitations
Primary contributor of Internal Family Systems
Richard Schwartz
The Self (IFS)
true self, governs rest of our parts, soul
Exiles (IFS)
wounded parts that are buried to protect them from being damaged
Managers (IFS)
allows exiles to be buried, manages day to day living, manage stress and try to maintain comfort, contentedness, avoid conflict that could harm exiled parts or create new exiles
fireighters (IFS)
step up to prevent or manage crisis when Managers are failing to protect exiles, abusing substance, self-harm, withdrawal, dissociation, violence or rage
goal of IFS
1. create a safe space where the Self can give permission to the Managers and Firefighters to step aside and allow the Exiles to come to the surface and be healed
2. ultimate goal - have the self become the organizer and leader of other various parts, dec
primary contributor of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Richard Stuart
What does CBT see as the cause for problems?
problems are caused by the behavior or event that preceded it
classical conditioning (CBT)
previously neutral stimulus paired reapeatedly with a response-eliciting stimulus that results in a neutral stimulus eliciting a response without the response-eliciting stiumulus
operant conditioning (CBT)
behavior is controlled by its consequences
positive reinforcement (CBT)
a reinforcement that encourages a behavior to continue
negative reinforcement (CBT)
a reinforcement which discourages a behavior from continuing
primary reinforcers (CBT)
biologically determined (survival, food, sex)
secondary reinforcers (CBT)
learned desirable consequences (money, positive feedback, privileges)
premack principle (CBT)
high-probability behavior serves as the positive reinforcer for a low-probability behavior
baseline (CBT)
frequency and duration of current target behavior
functional analysis of behavior (CBT)
assessment of the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior
goal of CBT
increase the number of positive behaviors with positive reinforcement and decrease problematic behaviors
primary contributor of Functional Family Therapy
Thomas Sexton
3 phase process of Functional Family Therapy
1. engage family - decrease blame/negatvity & increase alliances within family
2. implement behavioral change - build on competencies
3. generalize the behavior by building support & maintaining the changes
Who developed Rational-Emotive Family Therapy?
Albert Ellis
What does RET believe causes emotional distress?
an individual's illogial beliefs and distortions
What is the problem-causing pattern in RET?
ABC
A - events in the family
B - are influenced by irrational beliefs
C - result in a problem
Who originated Cognitive Family Therapy?
Aaron Beck
3 dimensions of the family system according to The Circumplex Model
cohesion, flexibility, communication
4 levels of cohesion (Circumplex Model)
disengaged, separated, connected, enmeshed
4 levels of flexibility (Circumplex Model)
chaotic, flexible, structured, rigid
Who developed the Timberlawn Model?
Robert Beavers
2 primary scales of the Timberlawn Model
competence, stylistics
3 levels of stylistic scale in the Timberlawn Model
centripetal - get needs met within the family
centrifugal - get needs met outside the family
mixed
sexual dysfunction
physical arousal or performance problem (medical referral)
sexual disorder
psychological arousal or performance problem (sex therapist)
spectatoring (Sex Therapy)
during sex all mental attention focused on one's own sexual behavior
coital alignment technique (Sex Therapy)
intervention used to increase mutual satisfaction through full body contact)
4 stage model of sexual response (Masters & Johnson)
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
triphasic sexual response (Kaplan)
sexual desire, excitement, orgasm
bridge manuever (Kaplan)
intervention to manually stimulate female to orgasm until treatment progresses and partner can fill that role
What two models did David Schnarch combine to create his model?
Object Relations and Intergenerational
goal of Schnarch
differentiation of each partner
model of family therapy used for chemical dependency/abuse
Family Focused Therapy
Multi-Dimensional Family Therapy
model of evidence-based family therapy for adolescent substance use
What disorders of childhood and adolescence were found to be effective by the use of family therapy
OOD, aggressive behaviors, ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, Substance use, Anxiety, Depression
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
therapy to reduce the recidivism of child abuse in families over time
2 pillars of scientific research
theoretical - conceptual
empirical - test theories in reality
inductive research
theory building research
deductive research
theory testing research
4 characteristics of the Scientific Method
replicability, precision, falisifiability (route for the theory to be disproven), parsimony (prioritze least complex & logical explanation)
constructs
capture the "what" of theories (i.e., what concepts are important for explaining a phenomenon)
descriptive research
research is directed at making careful observations and detailed documentation of a phenomenon of interest. These observations must be based on the
scientific method (i.e., must be replicable, precise, etc.), and therefore, are more reliable than casual o
epistemology
research reconciling the subjective interpretations of its various participants
exploratory research
research often conducted in new areas of inquiry, where the goals of the research are: (1) to scope out the magnitude or extent of a particular phenomenon, problem, or behavior, (2) to generate some initial ideas (or "hunches") about that phenomenon, or (
ontology
the study of being and existence, refers to our assumptions about how we see the world, e.g., does the world consist mostly of social order or constant change.
operational definitions
operational definitions that define constructs in terms of how they will be empirically measured. For instance, the operational definition of a construct such as temperature must specify whether we plan to measure temperature in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Ke
operationalization: sampling
the statistical process of selecting a subset (called a "sample") of a population of interest for purposes of making observations and statistical inferences about that population
unit of analysis
population with characteristics that one wishes to study, may be a person, group, organization, country, object, or any other entity that you wish to draw scientific inferences about
variable
combination of indicators at the empirical level
representing a given construct, may be independent, dependent, mediating, or moderating, depending on how they are employed in a research study
4 key attributes to determine the quality of research design
internal validity, external validity, construct validity, statistical conclusion validity
internal validity
causality
external validity
generalizability
construct validity
extent to which a measure adequately represents the underlying construct that it is supposed to measure
statistical conclusion validity
the extent to which conclusions derived using
a statistical procedure is valid.
experimental studies
test cause-effect relationships (hypotheses) in a tightly controlled setting by separating the cause from the effect in time, administering the cause to one group of subjects (the "treatment group") but not to another group ("control group"), and observin
field surveys
non-experimental designs that do not control for or manipulate independent variables or treatments, but measure these variables and test their effects using
statistical methods, capture snapshots of practices, beliefs, or situations from a random sample o
case research (studies)
an in-depth investigation of a problem in one or more real-life settings (case sites) over an extended period of time. Data may be collected using a combination of interviews, personal observations, and internal or external documents., can be positivist i
ethnography
research phenomenon must be studied within the context of its culture, researcher is deeply immersed in a certain culture over an extended period of time
survey research
data is sourced from a wide variety of individuals, firms, or other units of analysis, tends to have broader generalizability than laboratory experiments where artificially contrived treatments and strong control over extraneous variables render the findi
qualitative analysis
emphasis is "sense making" or understanding a phenomenon, rather than predicting or explaining
grounded theory
an inductive technique of interpreting recorded data about a social phenomenon to build theories about that phenomenon, yo ensure that the theory is based solely on observed evidence, the approach requires that researchers suspend any preexisting theoreti
quantative analysis
research that is statistics driven and largely independent of the researcher
mean
the simple average of all values in a given distribution.
median
middle value within a range of values in a distribution. This is computed by sorting all values in a distribution in increasing order and selecting the middle value
mode
most frequently occurring value in a distribution of values
range
the difference between the highest and lowest values in a distribution
standard deviation
the second measure of dispersion, corrects for such outliers by using a formula that takes into account how close or how far each value from the
distribution mean
correlation
association, a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.
inter-rater reliability
inter-observer reliability, is a measure of consistency between two or more independent raters (observers) of the same construct
test-retest reliability
measure of consistency between two measurements (tests) of the same construct administered to the same sample at two different
points in time.
split-half reliability
measure of consistency between two halves of a construct measure. For instance, if you have a ten-item measure of a given construct, randomly split those ten items into two sets of five (unequal halves are allowed if the total number of items is odd), and
internal consistency reliability
measure of consistency between different items of the same construct. If a multiple-item construct
measure is administered to respondents, the extent to which respondents rate those items in a
similar manner is a reflection of internal onsistency
ordinal scales
measure rank-ordered data
interval scales
values measured are not only rank-ordered, but re
also equidistant from adjacent attributes, for example, the temperature scale
nominal scales
categorical scales, used for variables or indicators that have mutually exclusive attributes, ex: gender (two values: male or female)
Likert scales
method assumes equal weights for all items, and hence, respondent's responses to each item can be summed to create a composite score for that respondent, a summated scale