MFT Exam Questions from Volini Study Guide

Contextual

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Individuality and togetherness

each individual needs companionship and independence and anxiety is experienced when these two needs polarize the individual, balance is achieved with self-differentiation

Differentiation of Self

This concept refers to an individual's capacity to balance thinking with feeling, (individuality with togetherness). High differentiation = less reactivity and low differentiation = high reactivity

Triangles

a person in a relationship pulls in a third party to create the illusion of emotional closeness that they are not receiving from the other individual in the relationship, decreasing anxiety by spreading it across a third party

Nuclear Family Emotional System

another name for Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass

Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass

(Nuclear Family Emotional System) An excess of emotional reactivity, anxiety, and fusion within a family system

Family Projection Process

The concept identifies that individuals with limited emotional resources are likely to project their needs onto others in the family.

Multigenerational Transmission Process

This term refers to the emotional forces in families that continue over the years in interconnected patterns, transmitting down from one generation to the next.

Sibling Position

Bowen endorsed that an individual's personality development will be highly influenced by his or her position in the sibling birth order. This also plays a role in how children are chosen as the object for the family projection process.

Emotional Cutoff

A problematic manner in which individuals deal with unresolved issues through a process of separation, isolation, withdrawal, running away, or denying the importance of one's parental family.

Societal Emotional Process

The impact of social influences on family functions. Individuals with higher levrls of self-differentiation are less vulnerable to destructive societal influences such as sexism and discrimination.

Goals of Multigenerational Family Therapy

1. decrease anxiety
2. increase levesl of differentiation in as many family members as possible

detriangulate

families will automatically attempt to triangulate the therapist, so therapist remains neutral & differentiated, to derease emotionality across the family& make room for constructively resolving conflict.

nonanxious presence

Bowen - therapist remains differentiated and models nonreactivity

genogram

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process questions

questions aimed to slow individual down, decreasing emotionality and increasing rationality as the individual becomes more aware of how stress and anxiety influence behavior (Bowen)

going home again

intervention encourage ct to go home and resolve any conflicted relationships

displacement stories

Guerin's intervention meant to help individuals create distance between themselves and their problems and encourage rationality by having them reflect on another couple's conflict as opposed to their own - Bowen

coaching

therapist's role with clients according to Bowen

the "I" position

use of "I" statements to express thoughts & feelings

relationship experiments

intervention that directed clients to experiment with different ways of behaving and responding to one another, means to help clients become aware of systemic processes by understanding how their behaviors impact others - Bowen

person-to-person relationships

two people relating without triangulating another , use of I statements - Bowen

3 phases of Multigenerational Family Therapy

1. Assessment Phase
2. The Genogram Phase
3. The Differentiation Phase

The Assessment Phase (Bowen)

history taking to understand the family system & members, assess for patterns of togetherness & individuality by exploring family of origin, presence of triangles, & levels of differentiation

The Genogram Phase (Bowen)

therapist and clients co-construct a family diagram

The Differentiation Phase (Bowen)

reduce anxiety & increase levels of differentiation, informed by the genogram & family history

Which category does Contextual Family Therapy fall under?

Transgenerational Models

Definition of Contextual Family Therapy

applies principles of psychoanalytic theory to the family system, acknowledges past generations influence

Founder of Contextual Family Therapy

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

Focus on Contextual Family Therapy

fairness & relational ethics

2 primary characteristics of high functioning families (Contextual/Nagy)

reliability & trustworthiness

entitlement (Contextual/Nagy)

what individuals are inherently due from others in their family as well as what is earned from others based upon behavior toward them

ledger (Contextual/Nagy)

how individuals keep track of and balance debts and entitlements

facts (Contextual/Nagy)

stable & physical attributes that individuals are born with & the contextual circumstances of their upgbringing

psychology (Contextual/Nagy)

a person's internal experience of the world, (thoughts, desires, emotions, & meaning), as facts occur externally to the individual psychology develops internally in the individual

relational ethics (Contextual/Nagy)

responsibility that each family member has for the impact of their behaviors on others

loyalty (Contextual/Nagy)

an individual's internalized of & obligations to his family of origin, exerts a powerful influence over the individiual's functioning

legacy (Contextual/Nagy)

certain attributes or qualities that are attributed to an individual as an account of being born to his parents

equitable asymmetry (Contextual/Nagy)

children are not able to card for themselves & are entirely dependent upon their parents, making them vulnerable or entitled based upon the circumstances of their upbringing

merit (Contextual/Nagy)

earned when parents are responsible & ethical with the equitable asymmetry withing the parent-child relationship, parents are rewarded with loyalty from therr childhood as they mature into adults

filial loyalty (Contextual/Nagy)

children are inherently loyal to their FOO

split filial loyalty (Contextual/Nagy)

when a child finds himself in a position where they have to choose a loyalty toward one parent at the expense of being loyal to the other parent

revolving slate of injustice (Contextual/Nagy)

multigenerational transmission of destructive entitlement in which one generation harms the next generation, despite the fact that there was no wrong doing

filial responsibility/debts (Contextual/Nagy)

as an account for the child's experience of the degree of fairness & ethical consideration from their parents toward them, they will either be debits (destructive entitlement) or filial responsibility (loyalty)

destructive entitlement (Contextual/Nagy)

result of individual experiencing the denia lof entitlement from their family of origin, and then seek what they believed to be owed to them through a different relationship, usually their family of creation

parentification (Contextual/Nagy)

child attempts to earn love by acting as a parent's caretaker, takes on the role of the parent for the parent

exoneration (Contextual/Nagy)

process by which an individual restores balance in their ledger

deparentification process (Contextual/Nagy)

Therapist becomes temporarily parentified to relieve the child & then addresses larger family dynamics to work toward systemic change.

4 dimensions of Contextual Therapy

psychology, facts, relational ethics, transactions

transactions (Contextual/Nagy)

patterns of organization & dynamics within the family system

assessment in Contextual Therapy

focus on family resources, monitoring the presence of & interactions within the 4 dimensions, tracking themes of trust, loyalty, reliability, & fairness

diagnosis in Contextual Therapy

non-pathologizing, systemic focuson the presenting problem

goals of Contextual Therapy

1. individuals taking responsibility for their own behaviors (working through entitlements)
2. reclaims disowned parts of themselves (working through legacies)
3. differentiating between irrational guilt & justifiable guilt
4. achieving exoneration of sel

phases of therapy in Contextual Therapy

1. Early Phase - gathering family history, genorgram, start to recognize deeper motivational factors (hidden loyaltes, ledger imbalances, destructive entitlements, parentification processes)
2. Middle Phase - address urgent issues, hearing each individual

Object Relations Theory

individuals form relationships based on a fundamental need to seek relationships, if a good childhood then they will look for that in relationships, if abusive or neglectful they will look for that in relationships

Contributors to Object Relations Theory

James Framo, secondary contributors Norman Paul and Jill & David Schariff

objects (ORT)

internalized images of an individual's primary caregiver throughout infancy and early childhood, have the potential to influence them throughout adulthood

insight & working through (ORT)

reshape patterns learned in childhood

projection (ORT)

parent projects repressed objection relationship onto the child

projective identification (ORT)

child internalizes projections from parents into significant components of his personality development

insight (ORT)

awareness & understanding of how underlying dynamics impact behavior & relationships

Working through (ORT)

the process of translating insight into constructive ways of being

interpretation (ORT)

therapist's hypothesis about ow the client's past experiences influence current struggles & behavior

transference (ORT)

atribution of qualities onto others or therapist that reflect the unresolved grievances from past relationships

countertransference (ORT)

therapist attributes qualities onto others that reflect the therapist's unresolved grievances from past relationships

introject (ORT)

internalized objects become all good or all bad

Assessment in Object Relations Theory

1. exploring childhood experiences & the client's interpretation of them
2. exploring the individual's past & present relationship with their primary caregivers
3. exploring their current relationship style & areas in which they may be struggling to estab

goals of Object Relations Theory

develop insight & be working through unresolved conflict while developing new ways of behaving governed by a healthy, central ego. goals change

phases of Object Relations Theory

1. Early phase - assess early childhood experiences, explore individual's past & present relationships to primary caregiver and current relationship style, areas of struggle to maintain healthy relationships
2. Middle Phase - fostering insight, uncover th

dirty middle (ORT)

the middle of therapy when insight is achieved but working through is at an impasse, resulting in a divide between each partner's philosophy of marriage or a dispute over a seemingly irreconcilable disagreement, leverage to bring in their FOO

Primary Contributers to MRI Systemic Approach

Bateson, Jackson, Satir, Haley, Weakland, and Watzlawick

first-order change

behavioral change

second-order change

change in rules & beliefs

report

content of the message

command

underlying relationship message

metacommunication (MRI)

communication about the communication (non-verbals)

complementary relationship (MRI)

based on differences that fit together

symmetrical relationship

based on equality, behavior mirrors each other

paradoxical intervention

intervention aimed at families resistance to change

positioning (MRI)

paradoxical intervention pushing a family member into the absurdity of their initial position

primary contributors of Strategic Family Therapy

Haley, Madanes

According to Strategic Family Therapy what function do symptoms serve?

symptoms stem from a faulty organization within the family and maintain its structure and homeostasis

According to Strategic Family Therapy how is structure family structure important to therapy?

hierarchical arrangement of family members brings parents together to work on their child's problems and strengthen the couple's relationship

positive feedback loops (Strategic)

disrupts homeostasis

ordeal therapy(Strategic)

paradoxical directive that creates more work for the client than it would to change the behavior

unbalancing (Strategic)

therapist intentionally sides with one family member, meant to disrupt homeostasis and encourage change at the behavioral and structural level

presenting problem as a metaphor (Strategic)

symptom redefined as a metaphor of a larger problem

4 stags of the first session (Strategic)

1. Social stage
2. Problem stage
3. Interaction Stage
4. Goal Setting Stage

metamorphic task (Strategic)

directive around a metaphor that describes/resembles a family dynamic that is too difficult to talk about

pretend to have a symptom (Strategic)

Mandanes would ask the child to have a symptom and ask parents to help the child through it

incongruous hierarchies (Strategic)

children create symptoms to change their parents

Who is the primary contributor of Strategic-Humanism?

Cloe Madanes

According to Strategic-Humanism model what is the sources of all problems?

conflict between love and violence

What are the goals of Strategic-Humanism?

love and happiness

4 ways people go about resolving conflict (Strategic Humanism)

1. dominate and control (behavioral problems)
2. desire to be loved (anxious & depressive problems)
3. love and protect (related to problems of abuse and neglect)
4. repent & forgive ( problems related to sexual &/or physical abuse)

What are the interventions of Strategic-Humanism?

triangulation, dramatizations, pretending, make-believe play

primary contributors of Milan Systemic Approach

Palazzoli, Prata, Boscolo, Cecchin

2 interventions of the Milan Systemic Approach

positive connotation, ritual

epistemology

how we know what we know

epistemological error

when beliefs are incongruent with reality and become problematic

games (Milan Systemic Approach)

unacknowledged strategies, attempt to control one another

analogical message (Milan Systemic Approach)

little structure but rich in context

digital message (Milan Systemic Approach)

the content of the message (objective)

punctuation (Milan Systemic Approach)

attributing one's behavior to the behavior of another

time (Milan Systemic Approach)

historic perception of a problem influences current perception of a problem

goals of Milan Systemic Approach

to open families to accommodating and adjusting to new information and beliefs to maintain healthy systemic functioning

positive connotation (Milan Systemic Approach)

reframe to prove client's motive is positive

rituals (Milan Systemic Approach)

an intervention in which a specific behaviors for a specific time to provide clarity of the problem

counterparadox (Milan Systemic Approach)

intervention to unravel family's double bind message by referring to dysfunction as necessary & telling them not to change

a learning process (Milan Systemic Approach)

intervention as a learning experience whereby they could test hypothesis & interventions by trial & error

5 parts of a session (Milan Systemic Approach)

1. pres-session
2. session
3. intersession
4. intervention
5. post-session discussion

invariant prescription (Later Milan Group)

intervention in 3rd session when therapist tells parents to tell kids they have a secret & go away on a trip together

concepts of the Later Milan Group

hypothesizing, circularity, and neurtrality

only intervention of the Later MIlan Group

circular questioning

circular questioning

therapist asks one family member to comment on the interaction of the other two family members to create circularity within the system and help therapist to build a more elaborate hypothesis

Primary contributor to Structural Family Therapy

Salvador Minuchin

roles (Structural)

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communication styles (Structural)

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interactional styles (Structural)

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covert rules (Structural)

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overt rules (Structural)

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How is change achieved in Structural Therapy?

shifting the structure of the family in a way that is more open and flexible and less rigid and closed

substystems (Structural)

individuals, dyads, and triads within the family that perform functions

boundaries (Structural)

hypothetical lines that protects a family subsystem

rigid boundary (Structural)

overly restriictive - disengages from other subsystems

diffuse boundary(Structural)

permeable - prone to emeshment

clear boundary (Structural)

allows parents to maintain heirarchial role

disengaged systems (Structural)

independent or isolated

complementarity (Structural)

balanced relationship - good teamwork

intervening (Structural)

therapist steps in and out of family

4 things does a Structural Therapist tracks in the assessment phase

boundaries, complementarity, hierarchy, conflict management

Goal of Structural Therapy

to alter, reorganize, and restructure the family system in a way that promotes problem solving capacities and encourages new growth in each individual while supporting the family as a whole

2 primary elements of a healthy family (Structural)

1. a functioning spousal subsystem (generational hierarchy)
2. clear boundaries between all individuals and subsystems

joining and accommodating (Structural)

therapist adopts to family patterns of communication & mannerisms to create therapeutic space

mimesis (Structural)

therapist replicates client systems, body language, and mannerisms

intensity (Structural)

achieved by therapist increasing the affective component of an interacyion, by increasing the length of the dialogue or by repeating the same message in different interactions through the use of tone, volume, and pacing

planning (Structural)

period of assessment where therapist hypothesizes about family's structure while remaining open about its actual structure

enactments (Structural)

here and now behavioral experiences

spontaneous behavioral sequences (Structural)

similar to enactments except they are spontaneous, rather than directed by the therapist

affective intensity (Structural)

increase emotional intensity of affect - structural change

shaping competencies (Structural)

tell families what they are doing is right - increases confidence

unbalancing (Structural)

therapist intentionally sides with one family member to disrupt homeostasis & encourage change at the behavorial and structural level

punctuation (Structural)

emphasizes client's body language to allow them to become aware of their responses & reflect on the meaning

3 Phases of Structural Therapy

1. Joining and accommodating phase
2. Mapping the Family Structure phase
3. Intervening Phase

Primary Contributor to Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy

Carl Whitaker

The source of family dysfunction in Experiential Family Therapies

emotional supression

person of the therapist (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

authentic and real - relying on spontaneity of interventions

existential encounter (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

therapist gives his impressions of the family and receives their view of him/her

Therapy of the Absurd (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

Symbolic Experiential therapy may be referred to as absurd given its unrecognizable structure, spontaneous process, and therapist transparency.

individuation (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

primary goal in growth-oriented therapies, encourages client to be more of who they are

family interaction (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

flexibility and openness to family interactions

therapeutic double bind (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

a relational diagnosis that is unlikely to change

What is a Symbolic-Experiential Therapist assessing?

subsystems, emotional age vs. chronological age of each member, triadic patterns, dyadic collusions, teaming, individual dynamics

10 goals of Symbolic Experiential Therapy

1. increase level of stress
2. development of family nationalism
3. expand relationships with extended family
4. expand relationships to culture & community
5. develop a sense of family boundaries
6. separate the generations
7. family learns to play
8. de

battle for structure (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

therapist must win - how long, how often, who attends

battle for initiative (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

family must win, take responsibility for change

activating constructive anxiety (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

positive reframe of symptoms as efforts toward building competence by focusing on the positive attributes of anxiety as a means toward self growth

redefining symptoms (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

from pathological to efforts toward growth

fantasy alternative (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

de-emphasizing stressful situations by describing fantasy alternatives, what-if's

affective confrontation (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

therapist's intentional confrontation with the family, will directly share his subjective emotional experience of working with the family

degrees of craziness (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

being driven crazy, going crazy, acting crazy, exhibited by dysfunctional families

teaming role (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

healthy members of the family be intentionally paired into teaming roles by the therapist to encourage further healthy behavior by other family members

bilateral pseudo-therapy (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

occurs when family members attempt to play therapist to one another, to be avoided

bilateral transference (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

a therapist's intentional maneuver to adapt to the language, accent, rhythm, of posture of the family

flight toward health (Symbolic Experiential Family Therapy)

family stopped showing up for treatment, sign that the family had grown and no longer needed therapeutic support

Who is the mother of family therapy?

Virginia Satir

Where did Satir believe growth came from?

warmth, genuineness, congruent communication

Satir's 3 primary elements

The Self, The Other, The Context

leveling (Satir)

process leading to balanced decisions that honor all 3 identified parts of the relationship

4 assumptions of Satir Communications Therapists

1. People naturally tend toward positive growth.
2. All people possess the resources for positive growth.
3. Every person and every thing or situation impact and are impacted by everyone and everything else.
4. Therapy is a process involving interaction b

primary survival triad (Satir)

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body, mind, and feelings (Satir)

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Communication (Satir)

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Self-worth (Satir)

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dysfunctional communication styles (aka Survival Stances) (Satir)

placaters, blamers, computers, distractors, levelers

placaters (Satir)

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blamers (Satir)

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computers (Satir)

...

distractors (Satir)

...

levelers (Satir)

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levelers (congruence) (Satir)

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model integration analysis (Satir)

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role-function deiscrepance (Satir)

...

Satir's 3 themes of assessment

1. The family system's symptomatic behavior.
2. Communication patterns and stances.
3. The influence and exploration of family of origin issues.

What is the ultimate goal of therapy (Satir)?

growth, and growth in the individual will result in symptom reduction across the family system

Satir's 3 goals for improving communication in the family system

1. Increase congruent communication
2. Improved self esteem. recognition of each individual
3. Growth - as self-esteem is recognized and nurtured, individuals are able to actualize their growth potential

Vehicles of Change

role of therapist, modeling communication, metaphors, self-mandala, parts party, temperature reading, family reconstruction, family sculpting

role of therapist (Satir)

equal, a unique individual serving to facilitate change through genuineness, empathy, curiosity and transparency

modeling communication (Satir)

the therapist's ability to effectively model functional, healthy communicatione

metaphors (Satir)

symbolic representation that captures essential features of an object or event by using a description of a different category of objects or events

self-mandala (Satir)

individuals create a circle in the center of the page with the identifier "Iam" with 8 other concentric circles (physical, intellectual, emotional, sensual, interactional, nutritional, contextual, spiritual), illuminates strength's resources, interrelated

parts party (Satir)

intervention in which individuals explore their parts, to promote wholeness & integration, have others act out their various parts

temperature reading (Satir)

intervention that explores thoughts & feelings while improving communication and self-worth, clients share appreciations, excitements, complaints and possible solutions, hopes, wishes

family reconstruction (Satir)

a process in which an individual re-experiences the development of their primary triad across several generations

family sculpting (Satir)

in-session intervention where family members place other members in positions symbolic of their role in the family and from the perspective of the sculptor, family members take turns

primary contributors to Collaborative Languages Approach

Goolishan, Anderson, Tomm, Anderson

What is the focus of Collaborative Languages Approach?

the role that language and conversations play in the development and maintenance of relational discord & gender dissatisfaction

What is the goal of Collaborative Languages Approach?

changing the manner in which people talk about themselves, their problems, and the world at large, making room for new meaning and adapting the lived narrative both individually and collectively

not-knowing approach (Collaborative Language)

the stance of the therapist as not taking on the role of expert, diagnostician, or interventionist, instead, remain open& curious to the lived experience of each individual, individual is the expert in their own lives

problem-determining system (Collaborative Languages)

problems arise & maintain based on the how a person communicates about them, language maintains the problem, change in language promotes new meaings and possibilities, disillusioning the problem

language (Collaborative Languages)

therapists intentionally adapt to the style and form of language used by clients in order to join and enter the client's world

inventive questioning (Collaborative Languages)

(Karl Tomm) helps families in finding new ways of communicating, behaving, and creating meaning

reflecting team (Collaborative Languages)

...

primary contributors of Feminist Family Therapy

Papp, Silverstein, Walters, Carter, Luepnitiz, Hare-Mustin

neutrality (Feminist)

each family member feels validated, accepted, and equally invested in by the therapist

goals of Feminist Family Therapy

1. awareness of societal oppression
2. empower individuals to choose and contruct desired role
3. explore issues of power and control
4. help men to become more in touch with emotional side and empower women to move beyond societal limitations

Primary contributor of Internal Family Systems

Richard Schwartz

The Self (IFS)

true self, governs rest of our parts, soul

Exiles (IFS)

wounded parts that are buried to protect them from being damaged

Managers (IFS)

allows exiles to be buried, manages day to day living, manage stress and try to maintain comfort, contentedness, avoid conflict that could harm exiled parts or create new exiles

fireighters (IFS)

step up to prevent or manage crisis when Managers are failing to protect exiles, abusing substance, self-harm, withdrawal, dissociation, violence or rage

goal of IFS

1. create a safe space where the Self can give permission to the Managers and Firefighters to step aside and allow the Exiles to come to the surface and be healed
2. ultimate goal - have the self become the organizer and leader of other various parts, dec

primary contributor of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Richard Stuart

What does CBT see as the cause for problems?

problems are caused by the behavior or event that preceded it

classical conditioning (CBT)

previously neutral stimulus paired reapeatedly with a response-eliciting stimulus that results in a neutral stimulus eliciting a response without the response-eliciting stiumulus

operant conditioning (CBT)

behavior is controlled by its consequences

positive reinforcement (CBT)

a reinforcement that encourages a behavior to continue

negative reinforcement (CBT)

a reinforcement which discourages a behavior from continuing

primary reinforcers (CBT)

biologically determined (survival, food, sex)

secondary reinforcers (CBT)

learned desirable consequences (money, positive feedback, privileges)

premack principle (CBT)

high-probability behavior serves as the positive reinforcer for a low-probability behavior

baseline (CBT)

frequency and duration of current target behavior

functional analysis of behavior (CBT)

assessment of the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior

goal of CBT

increase the number of positive behaviors with positive reinforcement and decrease problematic behaviors

primary contributor of Functional Family Therapy

Thomas Sexton

3 phase process of Functional Family Therapy

1. engage family - decrease blame/negatvity & increase alliances within family
2. implement behavioral change - build on competencies
3. generalize the behavior by building support & maintaining the changes

Who developed Rational-Emotive Family Therapy?

Albert Ellis

What does RET believe causes emotional distress?

an individual's illogial beliefs and distortions

What is the problem-causing pattern in RET?

ABC
A - events in the family
B - are influenced by irrational beliefs
C - result in a problem

Who originated Cognitive Family Therapy?

Aaron Beck

3 dimensions of the family system according to The Circumplex Model

cohesion, flexibility, communication

4 levels of cohesion (Circumplex Model)

disengaged, separated, connected, enmeshed

4 levels of flexibility (Circumplex Model)

chaotic, flexible, structured, rigid

Who developed the Timberlawn Model?

Robert Beavers

2 primary scales of the Timberlawn Model

competence, stylistics

3 levels of stylistic scale in the Timberlawn Model

centripetal - get needs met within the family
centrifugal - get needs met outside the family
mixed

sexual dysfunction

physical arousal or performance problem (medical referral)

sexual disorder

psychological arousal or performance problem (sex therapist)

spectatoring (Sex Therapy)

during sex all mental attention focused on one's own sexual behavior

coital alignment technique (Sex Therapy)

intervention used to increase mutual satisfaction through full body contact)

4 stage model of sexual response (Masters & Johnson)

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

triphasic sexual response (Kaplan)

sexual desire, excitement, orgasm

bridge manuever (Kaplan)

intervention to manually stimulate female to orgasm until treatment progresses and partner can fill that role

What two models did David Schnarch combine to create his model?

Object Relations and Intergenerational

goal of Schnarch

differentiation of each partner

model of family therapy used for chemical dependency/abuse

Family Focused Therapy

Multi-Dimensional Family Therapy

model of evidence-based family therapy for adolescent substance use

What disorders of childhood and adolescence were found to be effective by the use of family therapy

OOD, aggressive behaviors, ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, Substance use, Anxiety, Depression

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

therapy to reduce the recidivism of child abuse in families over time

2 pillars of scientific research

theoretical - conceptual
empirical - test theories in reality

inductive research

theory building research

deductive research

theory testing research

4 characteristics of the Scientific Method

replicability, precision, falisifiability (route for the theory to be disproven), parsimony (prioritze least complex & logical explanation)

constructs

capture the "what" of theories (i.e., what concepts are important for explaining a phenomenon)

descriptive research

research is directed at making careful observations and detailed documentation of a phenomenon of interest. These observations must be based on the
scientific method (i.e., must be replicable, precise, etc.), and therefore, are more reliable than casual o

epistemology

research reconciling the subjective interpretations of its various participants

exploratory research

research often conducted in new areas of inquiry, where the goals of the research are: (1) to scope out the magnitude or extent of a particular phenomenon, problem, or behavior, (2) to generate some initial ideas (or "hunches") about that phenomenon, or (

ontology

the study of being and existence, refers to our assumptions about how we see the world, e.g., does the world consist mostly of social order or constant change.

operational definitions

operational definitions that define constructs in terms of how they will be empirically measured. For instance, the operational definition of a construct such as temperature must specify whether we plan to measure temperature in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Ke

operationalization: sampling

the statistical process of selecting a subset (called a "sample") of a population of interest for purposes of making observations and statistical inferences about that population

unit of analysis

population with characteristics that one wishes to study, may be a person, group, organization, country, object, or any other entity that you wish to draw scientific inferences about

variable

combination of indicators at the empirical level
representing a given construct, may be independent, dependent, mediating, or moderating, depending on how they are employed in a research study

4 key attributes to determine the quality of research design

internal validity, external validity, construct validity, statistical conclusion validity

internal validity

causality

external validity

generalizability

construct validity

extent to which a measure adequately represents the underlying construct that it is supposed to measure

statistical conclusion validity

the extent to which conclusions derived using
a statistical procedure is valid.

experimental studies

test cause-effect relationships (hypotheses) in a tightly controlled setting by separating the cause from the effect in time, administering the cause to one group of subjects (the "treatment group") but not to another group ("control group"), and observin

field surveys

non-experimental designs that do not control for or manipulate independent variables or treatments, but measure these variables and test their effects using
statistical methods, capture snapshots of practices, beliefs, or situations from a random sample o

case research (studies)

an in-depth investigation of a problem in one or more real-life settings (case sites) over an extended period of time. Data may be collected using a combination of interviews, personal observations, and internal or external documents., can be positivist i

ethnography

research phenomenon must be studied within the context of its culture, researcher is deeply immersed in a certain culture over an extended period of time

survey research

data is sourced from a wide variety of individuals, firms, or other units of analysis, tends to have broader generalizability than laboratory experiments where artificially contrived treatments and strong control over extraneous variables render the findi

qualitative analysis

emphasis is "sense making" or understanding a phenomenon, rather than predicting or explaining

grounded theory

an inductive technique of interpreting recorded data about a social phenomenon to build theories about that phenomenon, yo ensure that the theory is based solely on observed evidence, the approach requires that researchers suspend any preexisting theoreti

quantative analysis

research that is statistics driven and largely independent of the researcher

mean

the simple average of all values in a given distribution.

median

middle value within a range of values in a distribution. This is computed by sorting all values in a distribution in increasing order and selecting the middle value

mode

most frequently occurring value in a distribution of values

range

the difference between the highest and lowest values in a distribution

standard deviation

the second measure of dispersion, corrects for such outliers by using a formula that takes into account how close or how far each value from the
distribution mean

correlation

association, a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.

inter-rater reliability

inter-observer reliability, is a measure of consistency between two or more independent raters (observers) of the same construct

test-retest reliability

measure of consistency between two measurements (tests) of the same construct administered to the same sample at two different
points in time.

split-half reliability

measure of consistency between two halves of a construct measure. For instance, if you have a ten-item measure of a given construct, randomly split those ten items into two sets of five (unequal halves are allowed if the total number of items is odd), and

internal consistency reliability

measure of consistency between different items of the same construct. If a multiple-item construct
measure is administered to respondents, the extent to which respondents rate those items in a
similar manner is a reflection of internal onsistency

ordinal scales

measure rank-ordered data

interval scales

values measured are not only rank-ordered, but re
also equidistant from adjacent attributes, for example, the temperature scale

nominal scales

categorical scales, used for variables or indicators that have mutually exclusive attributes, ex: gender (two values: male or female)

Likert scales

method assumes equal weights for all items, and hence, respondent's responses to each item can be summed to create a composite score for that respondent, a summated scale