what is the process by which the majority of fossils form?
burial of ahrd parts
the ratio of radioactive parent to daughter product in a 100 million-year old granite is 50% to 50%. What is the half-life of they radioactive element
100 million years
what do foreshocks before a major earthquake represent?
small slippages of the rocks along the fault before frictional forces totally give way
what is the correct order of arrival at a seisometer
P wave, S wave, and surface wave
seismologists use what to rate the ground motion associated with an earthquake?
richter scale
brittle deformation occurs at ___________ than does ductile deformation
shallower crustal depths
the mass of rock lies below a sloping fault plane is the
footwall
converging plate boundaries are typified by
reverse faults
compressional forces cause the crust to
thicken and shorten
matching multiple strati graphic columns by rock and fossil types is called
correlation
the 4 eras of geologic time from OLDEST TO MOST RECENT ARE
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
the age of the Earth s thought to be approximately
4.6 billion years
what kind of faults would one fins in diverging boundaries such as the mid-oceanic ridges
normal
the body seismic wave that can pass through the Earth's core and out the opposite side is the
p wave
an intrusive igneous sill between 2 sedimentary layers
younger than the sedimentary layers
per "fossil succession", which series of species is listed in correct order from OLDEST TO YOUNGEST
fishes- reptiles-man
a 7.0 magnitude earthquake caused how much more ground motion than a 4.0 earthquake?
1,000 times
which is not a common effect of metamorphism?
darker color
which of these is a common effect of metamorphism?
new mineralogy, modified crystal, and increased hardness
when do rocks along a fault have the greatest amount of buildup strain?
right before the earhtquake
the variety of metamorphic rocks textures involving parallel mineral arrangements are collectively calleed
foliation
Stress causes
strain
which is a correct parent rock-metamorphic product pari
sandstone - quartzite, granite - gneiss, and limestone-marble
why do new minerals sometimes form during metamorphism?
chemical fluids are available to mobilize and redistribute elemental atoms and the original minerals aren't stable at the higher pressures
what kind of plate boundaries generate the majority of regional metamorphism and metamorphic rocks?
converging
what are some examples of foliated metamorphic rocks
schist, gneiss, and slate
the exact location on the fault plane where the earthquake ORIGINATES is called
hypocenter
what kind of metamorphism is generated in the rocks adjacent to a large body of intrusive magma?
thermal
over geologic time, life on earth has become
more diverse and more complrex
anticlines and sync-lines form as a result of which type of stress?
compression
sedimentary rocks are more easily metamorphosed than igneous or previously metamorphosed rocks because
they formed at temperatures and pressures much LOWER than those of metamorphism
the boundary between tilted sedimentary strata and overlying horizontal sedimentary strata
and angular conformity
which of the following usually occurs in the hour or so before tsunami landfall
the beach widens dramatically as water is pulled seaward into the approaching wave
which is correct order of progressive metamorphism of shale (mudstone)
whcislate, phyllite, schist, gneiss