What is the difference between geocentric and heliocentric?
Geocentric is revolving around the earth, heliocentric is revolving around the sun.
The geocentric model was developed during the time of the ancient Greeks and...
was held true up until the Renaissance.
The universe is (older, younger, same age) as the earth
older
What has happened to Hydrogen as the universe has evolved?
Hydrogen has been lost through fusion to form helium within stars.
The universe is about
14 billion years old
Explain the Big Bang theory
all matter in the Universe was once confined to a single point
Evidence that the universe is expanding
red shifting
Was Galileo the first person to deduce that stars were distinct entities from stars
No
The temperature of the universe has been
decreasing
Atoms heavier than Fe are produced by
Supernova explosions
The most common elements in our solar system
Hydrogen and Helium
Order largest to smallest planetesimal, planet, protoplanet
planet, protoplanet, planetesimal
The terrestrial planets are
earth, mars, mercury, venue
The Jovian planets are
jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
The branch of science that studies structure and history of the Universe is
Cosmology
All objects in the solar system orbit around the
sun
The circumference of the earth
40,000 km
A light year measures
distance
Our sun belongs to what galaxy
the milky way
Is our universe expanding, contracting, or staying the same?
expanding
What is the solar wind?
The stream of charged particles given off by the sun
Chemically the moon is similar to
earths mantle
what protects earth from uv solar radiation
the magnetic field
Before the sun ignited its nuclear process earth would have resembles
Mercury
Differentiation from the core to the mantle was possible because
the earth was very hot
The core is (denser, less dense, the same) as the mantle
denser
Earths magnetic field is a
dipole
What two gases make up most of earths atmosphere
Nitrogen and oxygen
The four most common elements in earth are
Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium
The four most common elements in earths crust are
Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron
What is magma?
Hot, liquid rock beneath earths surface
a fracture in the crust where rocks slide past each other is called a
fault
the boundary between the crust and mantle marked by a siesmic velocity discontinuity is called
the Moho
As seismic waves travel downward and reach the Moho they
speed up
What generates earths magnetic field
the flow of the liquid outer core
What is the lithosphere composed of?
The crust and uppermost part of the mantle
What happens to temp and pressure moving into the interior of the earth
increase
The thickness of the earths crust is
7 to 70km
Is a rock layer composed of one or more minerals?
False
What layer has the greatest density?
core
With increasing altitude the concentration of gases in the atmosphere
decreases, becomes less dense
What material is the core of the earth made of
iron alloy
Is the core liquid or solid?
liquid outer, solid inner
The core of the earth is similar to
metallic meteorites
The oceanic crust is (thicker, denser, made of minerals that contain more silica) than the continental crust
denser
The temperature and viscosity of the lithosphere compared to the athenosphere is
cooler and less able to flow
Is there the exact same amount of red shift wherever you look in the sky
False
What size of elements does the normal fusion process create
elements smaller than Fe
The sun formed with and because
with a group of similarly stars, and because a supernova happened nearby it was formed from debris of previous stars
Was H the only element formed in the Big Bang?
No
Is pluto terrestrial or Jovian in nature
neither
Chondrules are found
inside meteorites
is the moon getting further, closer, or the same distance from earth
further
The transition zone in the mantle is a difference in
temperature
Is there evidence that a material could convect throughout the entire thickness of the mantle
yes
What is the thickness of the inner core, outer core, mantle
inner core 1,000km
outer core 2,000km
mantle 3,000km
Does the atmosphere get linearly colder from earth to space?
no
Based on O-Isotope values should we be experiencing global warming or cooling?
cooling
Is the earth warmer now than it has ever been in the last 500 mil yrs
no
Which hemisphere absorbs more energy from the sun
the southern, because it has more ocean which is darker and absorbs more sun
How often does orbital precession change and what is it?
every 23,000 yrs, it is the tilt of earths axis (ex southern hemisphere is now closest to the sun)
Is ozone most depleted at the poles or the equator?
poles
Is the ocean pH increasing, decreasing, or stable?
decreasing
Creatures with what type of shells are most likely to be affected by ocean acidification?
calcium carbonate
What is the source of oxygen data?
old plankton bodies
Who proposed a theory for continental drift?
Wegener
What was Wegener's evidence for continental drift?
Fossils, glacial deposits, fit of the continents
What was the name of Wegener's supercontinent?
Pangaea
First person to suggest continents could have fit together
Snider Pelligrini
Favored land bridge idea
Suess
Glacial deposits supporting Pangaea were found in
India, southern africa, south america
Wegener's theory of continental drift was not accepted because
he could not conceive a mechanism for continental drift
In earths geological past the magnetic field has experienced
polarity reversals
The variance of the magnetic pole is called
polar wander
Sea floor spreading is driven by
volcanic activity along mid ocean ridges
Regions of the sea floor with positive magnetic anomalies were formed during times when earths magnetic field
had normal polarity
Marine magnetic anomaly belts run (parallel, perpendicular) to....
parallel to mid ocean ridges
Marine magnetic anomaly belts are widest when and where
sea floor spreading rates are quicker
When a rock has hard magnetization it is
colder
Oceanic crust is primarily
gabbro and basalt
The oldest sediments on the ocean floor are
200 mil
The primary difference between lithosphere and asthenosphere mantle is
temperature
The asthenosphere
flows readily
what is thicker, continental or oceanic lithosphere
continental
The thickness of the oceanic lithosphere is greatest or least at mid ocean ridges
least
Plates are
discrete pieces of lithosphere at the surface of earth that move w respect to each other
An active margin is a
continental coastline that occurs with a plate boundary
continental coastlines that occur within a plate boundary are
passive margins
Broad sediment covered continental shelves are found along
passive margins
Every plate boundary can be determined by
earthquake belt
Tectonic plates move about
1 to 15 cm/yr
divergent plate boundary
plates move away from eachother
convergent plate boundary
plates move towards each other
transform plate boundary
plates slide past each other
type of plate boundary mid ocean ridges are
divergent plate boundary
a rapidly spreading mid ocean ridge is (wider, narrower, the same) as a slow spreading one
wider
are all plates the same size
no
the youngest sea floor is along
mid ocean ridges
oceanic lithosphere thickens away from mid ocean ridges as a result of
the addition of new lithospheric mantle as a result of cooling
type of plate boundary of subduction zones
convergent
the overriding plate on a subduction zone is ___ lithosphere
oceanic or continental
the subducting plate at a subduction zone is always
oceanic lithosphere
The wadati-benioff zone is a belt of earthquakes found
within a downgoing plate at a subduction zone
The wadati benioff zone extends into the mantle to a maximum depth of
670 km
are volcanoes or earthquakes found at transform plate boundaries?
earthquakes are volcanoes are not
A triple junction is
a place where 3 plates meet at a single point
mid ocean ridges are located above the surrounding sea floor because
the rocks are hot and therefore low density
Hawaii is an example of
hot spot volcanism
between the offset segments of mid ocean ridges are
transform faults
when 2 continental plates form a convergent boundary they
collide and form mountains
The pushing force that drives plate motion is at
mid ocean ridges
The pulling force that drives plate motion is at
subduction zones
Does every tectonic plate rotate around an imaginary point on the global surface?
yes
Volcanic activity is at what end of the Hawaiian seamount chain?
South East
Are there multiple hotspots in the pacific
yes
How are absolute plate motions calculated
GPS satellites
Sea floor spreaders" adopted the Holmes model of
Mantle Convection
If the East African Rift breaks it will likely follow Arabia as it moves
North East
Why is the red sea generally shallower than the atlantic
because it is younger and warmer than most of the atlantic
hot spots fracture lithosphere
with 3 120 degree pockets that break along a bisecting to form 2 plates
What is a ridge push?
because of its higher elevation a mid ocean ridge pushes on the lithosphere farther from it
Subduction pull is due to
recrystallization of the lithosphere making it more dense than the asthenosphere
western states have geology comparable to a rug being pulled over a dog, the basin and nevadas are
on the coming down off the dog side
the san andreas fault is what type of fault boundary?
transform, joining of two ocean ridges, and partnered with a number of subsidiary parallel faults
was any of the ocean that lay between india and china preserved when they collided?
yes
Accretionary prisms are associated with
subduction zones and trenches
a japan type subduction zone is (older, younger, the same) age seafloor compared to a cascade andes type zone
older
the sea of japan is getting
wider
what is a black smoker dependent on?
earths internal heat
where is lithosphere the thinnest
ocean ridges
Was mason aware that the magnetic bands he discovered were magnetic reversals
no
is a magnetic pole fixed in place, with all motion of the pole due to plate motion
false
is the fit of pangaea best matched at the shoreline or continental shelf
continental shelf
does the trailing edge of a passive margin ever experience quakes
yes
Minerals used by humans for metal are
ore minerals
is ice a mineral?
yes
minerals are....
naturally occurring, solid substances, with a definable chemical composition, and a fixed crystalline structure
Can two distinct minerals have the same chemical formula
yes
can a single mineral take on multiple crystalline lattice structures?
no
is natural glass considered a mineral?
no, because it does not have a fixed crystalline structure
What causes euhedral crystals to form
they have abundant room to grow
can mineral crystals display symmetry
yes
what are diamond and graphite both polymorphs of
carbon
are all minerals held together by ionic bonds?
no
for the majority of minerals the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is
more variable than the color in hand among a sample of crystals
the shininess of a mineral is helpful diagnostic property for
luster
ore minerals tend to have high
specific gravity
cleavage in minerals refers to
a tendency to break along planes of weakness
the most abundant minerals belong to a chemical group termed the
silicates
when in contact with hydrochloric acid which mineral gives off co2
calcite
the silica tetrahedron is made of
silicon and oxygen
Are all minerals chemical compounds?
no
in silicate minerals tetrahedra can form
long one dimensional chains, extensive two dimensional sheets, massive three dimensional frameworks
in which types of silicate are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by the pairs of adjacent tetrahedra?
framework silicates
With regard to minerals harness refers to
an ability to resist being scratched by another substance
minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to possess
fracture
gemstones are commonly found in pegmatites, igneous rocks that are
coarse grained
Is topaz, with mohs hardness of 8, twice as hard as flourite, with mohs hardness of 4?
no
What are the frature patterns quartz makes that are without cleavage?
conchoidal
what factors are used to identify minerals?
streak, luster, hardness, color, specific gravity, crystal habit, specific properties, fracture and cleavage
Specific gravity is
density of the mineral divided by the density of water
anion vs cation
anion is the addition of an electron, cation is the removal of an electron
what is the softest mineral
talc
hardest
diamond
minerals are classified into groups primarily on
chemistry, specifically the anions in the chemical formule