Which of the following processes is NOT a process that can alter the original parent material during metamorphism?
Refabrication
_____________________ refers to the size, shape and arrangement of minerals in a rock and is related to the mode of transportation and the depositional environments
Texture
Which of the following statements is NOT true:
Sedimentary rocks contain few resources
T or F: sedimentary structures help geologists determine past depositional environments and interpret Earth's history
TRUE
Many minerals will fracture and break when stress is applied, displaying a ____________ tenacity
Brittle
Minerals that are composed of a single element are referred to as _______________
Native elements
________________ is the physical process of moving one material against another
Abrasion
Intrusive igneous rocks form underground and do not erupt as lava at the Earth's surface. Which of the following plutonic bodies is NOT formed by intrusive igneous rocks?
Ash fall
Which of the following transportation mechanisms is the most common way sediment is carried from one environment to another?
Water
The physical and chemical breakdown of rock material at or near the Earth's surface is known as ________________
Weathering
The fluidity of a magma, determined by the amount of silica, is known as ________________
Viscosity
______________ minerals are stable over a specific range of temperatures and pressure conditions and are useful for determining metamorphic grade
Index
Fine-grained metamorphic rocks that form in fault zones during dynamic metamorphism are known as _____________________
Mylonites
Large masses of molten magma that rise through the Earth's crust are known as __________________
Magma chambers
T or F: Geologists study ancient sedimentary environments and the sedimentary structures found within these environments to help them understand and interpret modern day sedimentary environments
TRUE
In contact metamorphism, the halo of metamorphism surrounding the magma body is known as a(n) __________________
Aureole
Which of the following sediment characteristics provides evidence of the distance a sediment particle has traveled from its original source?
Roundness
The mineralogy and texture is metamorphic rocks is referred to as the ________________
Fabric
_______________ magmas are most often generated in continental crust
Felsic
The appearance of a mineral in reflected light is a physical property known as ________________
Luster
Which of the following sediment sizes are most often transported as part of the suspended load in a stream channel or wind current?
Silt and clay
________________ sedimentary rocks are formed from physical sediment derived from the breakdown (weathering) and erosion of other rocks at or near the Earth's surface
Detrital
The main agent of change during contact metamorphism is _____________________
High temperature
Some of the more common minerals found in chemical precipitate sedimentary rocks include all but the following:
Magnetite
The formation of new minerals as a result of metamorphic processes is known as __________________
Recombination
Which type of mechanical weathering was used by early humans to quarry rocks into smaller pieces?
Crystal wedging
_______________ magmas originate in the lower crust and upper mantle and are therefore rich in iron and magnesium
Mafic
The process of a mineral separating in water is known as:
Dissolution
Minerals that are composed of a single element are referred to as _____________
Native elements
Which of the following metamorphic processes is of primary importance in the formation of economic deposits of important ore minerals?
Contact metamorphism
Linear geographic clusters of hazardous active volcanoes generally form at ____________________
Subduction zones
The ability of a mineral to transmit light is known as:
Diaphaneity
In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, many metals will form secondary minerals through a process known as:
Oxidation
________________ metamorphism is the result of large-scale tectonic events involving movement and deformation of the Earth's crust
Regional
The process of adding water molecules to the crystal structure of some minerals is known as _______________
Hydrolysis
Mineral grains within a rock can grow larger and more prominent by a metamorphic process known as ____________________
Recrystallization
A foreign piece of rock included in a magma body as it cools and crystallizes is known as __________________
Xenolith
If an igneous rock has two different distinct grain sizes, it is said to have a ________________ texture
Porphyritic
What is the primary way in which geologists classify detrital sedimentary rocks?
Grain size
The degree to which all particles in a sediment sample are the same size is referred to as __________________
Sorting
Which of the following sedimentary environments would not be a place where mud cracks would be likely to form?
Alluvial fans
The transportation of sediment from one location to another is known as:
Erosion
The most common minerals in the Earth's crust are from which mineral group?
Silicates
All of the following minerals are associated with iron ores except ___________________
Galena
In volcanology, what does VEI mean?
Volcanic Explosivity Index
The process of turning sediment into sedimentary rock is known as ________________
Lithification
Some of the properties used to classify foliated metamorphic rocks include all of the following except:
Geographic location
____________ rocks are the most abundant rock type in the Earth's crust
Igneous
Any type of pre-exisiting rock that has been altered by heat and pressure as a solid, is known as ________________ rock
Metamorphic
The roots of trees and other vegetation can exert immense forces over time as the roots grow larger and intrude into small fractures. This type of mechanical weathering is known as __________________
Biological activity
T or F: metamorphic grade is the measure of the intensity of metamorphism to which a given rock has been subjected
TRUE
Which mineral group contains minerals that dissolve easily in water and may have fluorescent properties?
Halide minerals
The resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasion is known as _________________
Hardness
Which type of volcanic eruption is named after the 79 A.D. eruption of Mt. Vesuvius?
Plinian
Which of the following ore minerals are associated copper ore concentrations?
Chalcopyrite and bornite
Which of the following characteristics is NOT part of the definition of a mineral?
Organic
When lava cools so quickly that the minerals do not have time to organize in their crystal lattice, the resulting rocks will have a _________________ texture
Glassy
Which of the following volcano types does not usually have quiet lava flows?
Strato-volcanoes
In a quiet lagoon, which of the following sedimentary structures is most likely to form?
Bedding
A vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt is known as _____________
Volcano
Minerals that provide structure to Earth materials are known as:
Rock formers
Minerals are natural resources used in our daily lives for a variety of purposes. Minerals that are mined for their metal content are referred to as ____________
Ore minerals
Sedimentary rock composed of organic components that were deposited in a low oxygen environment is known as _____________
Coal
Precious and semi-precious minerals that have been cut and polished along their cleavage planes are referred to _________________
Gemstones
Metamorphic rocks that form as a result of regional metamorphism most often have a ________________ texture
Foliated
Granite gravel is commonly known as:
Grus
Which of the following is not one of the major environments in which sediment can accumulate?
Mountain tops
_______________ is chemically stable at the Earth's surface and is commonly found in sedimentary rocks
Quartz
Which of the following is not an example of chemical weathering?
Crystal wedging
Directed pressures can cause mineral grains within a rock to re-align themselves through a metamorphic process known as _________________
Rotation
T or F: all chemical precipitate sedimentary rocks have a crystalline texture
FALSE
The primary way to classify chemical precipitate sedimentary rocks is by their ________________
Mineral composition
T or F: all detrital sedimentary rocks have a clastic texture
TRUE
Fragments and pieces of solidified magma ejected forcefully from a volcano are known as ____________________
Pyroclastic material
The point of contact of two lithospheric plates during regional metamorphism is known as the _________________
Suture zone
Minerals that are composed of a single element are referred to as ____________________
Native elements
Which of the following metamorphic processes is of primary importance in the formation of economic deposits of important ore minerals?
Contact metamorphism
All of the following minerals are associated with iron ores except _______________
Galena
The physical and chemical breakdown of rock material at or near the Earth's surface is known as ______________
Weathering
______________ minerals are stable over a specific range of temperature and pressure conditions are are useful for determining metamorphic grade
Index
The process of adding water molecules to the crystal structure of some minerals is known as ______________
Hydrolysis
Some of the properties used to classify foliated metamorphic rocks include all the following except:
Geographic location
Linear geographic clusters of hazardous active volcanoes generally form at ___________________
Subduction zones