Geology Chapter 1

how are earth materials moved across the earth? and what energy source drives them?

hydrologic. solar energy

how are earth materials moved beneath the surface? what is the energy source

Plate tectonic cycle. radioactivity

what is science

observation of the material universe seeking natural orderly relationships

What is the strongest scientific conclusion that the historical sciences (biology and geology) can achieve are theories. What is the paradigm theory of geology since 1968?

plate tectonics

James Hutton founded modern geology in the 1780's when he proposed that the physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today have operated, over vast amounts of time. This is the called the principle of:

uniformitarianism

The number of protons determines which element an atom is. This is the element's:

atomic number

. Elements combine to form compounds such as silicate minerals. Which of the following combinations are the four most common elements in the crust:

aluminum, oxogen, silicon, iron

Smooth faces that form when a mineral is broken (planes of weak bonding), are called

cleavage

The appearance of reflected light off of the surface of a mineral is called

luster

The relative ability of minerals to scratch one another's surfaces is called:

hardness

Volcanic igneous rocks usually have this appearance

aphanitic

what is a rock

and aggregate of minerals

what is a mineral.. 3 things

natural inorganic solid, regular internal structure, regular chemical composition

List and define the two features that are used to classify igneous rocks (2 pts):

texture size of crystals, composition types of minerals that are present

Relative age dating

Determining the order in which geological events happened

absolute age dating

determining the number of years ago an event happened

list and define the two features that are used to classify sedimentary rocks

texture size of grains or type of chemical particle. composition types of minerals present

. The beach sands of New Jersey are composed of what type of mineral:

quartz

A rock made up on the calcite shells of clams and snails is called:

limestone

As a sea evaporates what mineral precipitates when 25% of the seawater is left:

gypsum

What type of soil is in Colorado and Arizona?

pedocal

What is the parent rock for foliated metamorphic rocks?

Shale

What is the parent rock for marble

limestone

What is the parent rock for quartzite

quartz sandstone