how are earth materials moved across the earth? and what energy source drives them?
hydrologic. solar energy
how are earth materials moved beneath the surface? what is the energy source
Plate tectonic cycle. radioactivity
what is science
observation of the material universe seeking natural orderly relationships
What is the strongest scientific conclusion that the historical sciences (biology and geology) can achieve are theories. What is the paradigm theory of geology since 1968?
plate tectonics
James Hutton founded modern geology in the 1780's when he proposed that the physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today have operated, over vast amounts of time. This is the called the principle of:
uniformitarianism
The number of protons determines which element an atom is. This is the element's:
atomic number
. Elements combine to form compounds such as silicate minerals. Which of the following combinations are the four most common elements in the crust:
aluminum, oxogen, silicon, iron
Smooth faces that form when a mineral is broken (planes of weak bonding), are called
cleavage
The appearance of reflected light off of the surface of a mineral is called
luster
The relative ability of minerals to scratch one another's surfaces is called:
hardness
Volcanic igneous rocks usually have this appearance
aphanitic
what is a rock
and aggregate of minerals
what is a mineral.. 3 things
natural inorganic solid, regular internal structure, regular chemical composition
List and define the two features that are used to classify igneous rocks (2 pts):
texture size of crystals, composition types of minerals that are present
Relative age dating
Determining the order in which geological events happened
absolute age dating
determining the number of years ago an event happened
list and define the two features that are used to classify sedimentary rocks
texture size of grains or type of chemical particle. composition types of minerals present
. The beach sands of New Jersey are composed of what type of mineral:
quartz
A rock made up on the calcite shells of clams and snails is called:
limestone
As a sea evaporates what mineral precipitates when 25% of the seawater is left:
gypsum
What type of soil is in Colorado and Arizona?
pedocal
What is the parent rock for foliated metamorphic rocks?
Shale
What is the parent rock for marble
limestone
What is the parent rock for quartzite
quartz sandstone